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-as of [6 OCTOBER 2024]-
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-a [man] is an [adult male human]-
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Prior to adulthood, a male human is referred to as a boy
(a ‘male child/adolescent’)
Like most other male mammals, a man’s genome usually inherits an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father
the male fetus produces larger amounts of androgens and smaller amounts of estrogens than a female fetus
This difference in the relative amounts of these sex steroids is responsible for the physiological differences that distinguish men from women
During puberty, hormones which stimulate androgen production result in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, thus exhibiting greater differences between the sexes. These include greater muscle mass, the growth of facial hair and a lower body fat composition.
Male anatomy is distinguished from female anatomy by the male reproductive system, which includes the penis, testicles, sperm duct, prostate gland and the epididymis, as well as seconday sex characteristics.
There are exceptions to the above in regards to transgender and intersex men.
Etymology and terminology
The English term “man” is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *man- (see Sanskrit/Avestan manu-, Slavic mǫž “man, male”).[3] More directly, the word derives from Old English mann. The Old English form primarily meant “person” or “human being” and referred to men, women, and children alike. The Old English word for “man” as distinct from “woman” or “child” was wer. Mann only came to mean “man” in Middle English, replacing wer, which survives today only in the compound “werewolf” (from Old English werwulf, literally “man-wolf”).[4][5]
Biology
Photograph of an adult male human, with an adult female for comparison. Note that the pubic hair of both models is removed.
Photograph of an adult male human, with an adult female for comparison. Note that the pubic hair of both models is removed.
In human beings, the sex of an individual is determined at the time of fertilization by the genetic material carried in the sperm cell. If a sperm cell carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be female (XX). On the other hand, if a sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be male (XY). The actual determining factor is the SRY gene, which is normally found on the Y chromosome. People with ambiguous genetic or physiological structure are referred to as intersex. Sex chromosome aneuploidies, such as XYY syndrome, can also occur.
Like most other male mammals, a man’s genome typically inherits an X chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father. The male fetus produces larger amounts of androgens and smaller amounts of estrogens than a female fetus. This difference in the relative amounts of these sex steroids is largely responsible for the physiological differences that distinguish men from women.[6]
Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in many characteristics, many of which have no direct link to reproductive ability, although most of these characteristics do have a role in sexual attraction. Most expressions of sexual dimorphism in humans are found in height, weight, and body structure, though there are always examples that do not follow the overall pattern. For example, men tend to be taller than women, but there are many people of both sexes who are in the mid-height range for the species.
Primary sex characteristics (or sex organs) are characteristics that are present at birth and are integral to the reproductive process. For men, primary sex characteristics include the penis and testicles. Secondary sex characteristics are features that appear during puberty in humans.[7][8] Such features are especially evident in the sexually dimorphic phenotypic traits that distinguish between the sexes, but—unlike the primary sex characteristics—are not directly part of the reproductive system.[9][10][11] Secondary sexual characteristics that are specific to men include:
Facial hair;[10]
Chest hair;[12]
Broadened shoulders;[13]
An enlarged larynx (also known as an Adam’s apple);[13] and
A voice that is significantly deeper than the voice of a child or a woman.[10]
Reproductive system
The male reproductive system includes external and internal genitalia. The male external genitalia consist of the penis, the male urethra, and the scrotum, while the male internal genitalia consist of the testes, the prostate, the epididymis, the seminal vesicle, the vas deferens, the ejaculatory duct, and the bulbourethral gland.[14]
The male reproductive system’s function is to produce semen, which carries sperm and thus genetic information that can unite with an egg within a woman. Since sperm that enters a woman’s uterus and then fallopian tubes goes on to fertilize an egg which develops into a fetus or child, the male reproductive system plays no necessary role during the gestation. The study of male reproduction and associated organs is called andrology.
Sex hormones
In mammals, the hormones that influence sexual differentiation and development are androgens (mainly testosterone), which stimulate later development of the ovary. In the sexually undifferentiated embryo, testosterone stimulates the development of the Wolffian ducts, the penis, and closure of the labioscrotal folds into the scrotum. Another significant hormone in sexual differentiation is the anti-Müllerian hormone, which inhibits the development of the Müllerian ducts. For males during puberty, testosterone, along with gonadotropins released by the pituitary gland, stimulates spermatogenesis.
Health
Although in general men suffer from many of the same illnesses as women, they suffer from slightly more illnesses in comparison to women. Men have lower life expectancy[15] and higher suicide rates[16] compared to women.
Sexuality and gender
Male sexuality and attraction vary from person to person, and a man’s sexual behavior can be affected by many factors, including evolved predispositions, personality, upbringing, and culture. While the majority of men are heterosexual, significant minorities are homosexual or bisexual.[17] Some men identify as mostly straight (heteroflexible) .[18]
A small percentage of people assigned female at birth may identify as male (typically referred to as transgender men). In contrast, some people assigned male at birth may identify as female (typically referred to as transgender woman). Some people assigned male at birth may also identify as non-binary.[19] There are also intersex people who may identify as either female or male.
Masculinity
Masculinity (also sometimes called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with boys and men. Although masculinity is socially constructed,[20] some research indicates that some behaviors considered masculine are biologically influenced.[21] To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate.[21] It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, as both males and females can exhibit masculine traits.[22]
Standards of manliness or masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods.[23] While the outward signs of masculinity look different in different cultures, there are some common aspects to its definition across cultures. In all cultures in the past, and still among traditional and non-Western cultures, getting married is the most common and definitive distinction between boyhood and manhood.[24] In the late 20th century, some qualities traditionally associated with marriage (such as the “triple Ps” of protecting, providing, and procreating) were still considered signs of having achieved manhood.[24][25]
Anthropology has shown that masculinity itself has social status, just like wealth, race and social class. In Western culture, for example, greater masculinity usually brings greater social status. Many English words such as virtue and virile (from the Indo-European root vir meaning man) reflect this.[26][27]
The Parsons model was used to contrast and illustrate extreme positions on gender roles. Model A describes total separation of male and female roles, while Model B describes the complete dissolution of barriers between gender roles.[28]
Gender symbol
The Mars Symbol (♂ ) is a common symbol that represents the male gender.[29] The symbol is identical to the planetary symbol of Mars.[30] It was first used to denote sex by Carl Linnaeus in 1751. The symbol is sometimes seen as a stylized representation of the shield and spear of the Roman god. Mars. According to Stearn, however, this derivation is “fanciful” and all the historical evidence favours “the conclusion of the French classical scholar Claude de Saumaise (Salmasius, 1588–1683)” that it is derived from θρ, the contraction of a Greek name for the planet Mars, which is Thouros.[31]
See also
Lists of men
Woman
Dynamics
Misandry
Patriarchy
Sexism
Medical
Gender differences
Men’s health
Sex assignment
Political
Masculism
Men’s Rights
Men’s studies
References
^ “man”. dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
^ “Definition of MAN”. www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
^ American Heritage Dictionary, Appendix I: Indo-European Roots. man-1 Archived 19 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2007-07-22.
^ Rauer, Christine (January 2017). “Mann and Gender in Old English Prose: A Pilot Study”. Neophilologus. 101 (1): 139–158. doi:10.1007/s11061-016-9489-1. hdl:10023/8978. S2CID 55817181.
^ Online Etymology Dictionary s.v. “man” Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^ “Download :: Cambridge Neuroscience”. www.neuroscience.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
^ Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM (2011). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1054. ISBN 978-1437736007.
^ Pack PE (2016). CliffsNotes AP Biology, 5th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 219. ISBN 978-0544784178.
^ Bjorklund DF, Blasi CH (2011). Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Approach. Cengage Learning. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-1133168379.
^ Jump up to: a b c “Primary & Secondary Sexual Characteristics”. Sciencing.com. 30 April 2018.
^ Encyclopedia of Reproduction. Elsevier Science. 2018. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-12-815145-7.
^ “Secondary sexual characteristics”. TheFreeDictionary.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Berger, Kathleen Stassen (2005). The Developing Person Through the Life Span. Worth Publishers. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-7167-5706-1.
^ “Definition of Male genitalia”. MedicineNet.
^ “Why is life expectancy longer for women than it is for men?”. Scientific American. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ Walton, Alice G. “The Gender Inequality of Suicide: Why Are Men at Such High Risk?”. Forbes. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (2016). “Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science”. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562.
^ Savin-Williams, Ritch C. (2017). Mostly Straight: Sexual Fluidity among Men. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-98104-1.
^ Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice, edited by Deana F. Morrow and Lori Messinger (2006, ISBN 0-231-50186-2
^ Shehan, Constance L. (2018). Gale Researcher Guide for: The Continuing Significance of Gender. Gale, Cengage Learning. pp. 1–5. ISBN 9781535861175.
^ Jump up to: a b Social vs biological citations:
Shehan, Constance L. (2018). Gale Researcher Guide for: The Continuing Significance of Gender. Gale, Cengage Learning. pp. 1–5. ISBN 9781535861175.
Martin, Hale; Finn, Stephen E. (2010). Masculinity and Femininity in the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 5–13. ISBN 978-0-8166-2444-7.
Lippa, Richard A. (2005). Gender, Nature, and Nurture (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 153–154, 218–225. ISBN 9781135604257.
Wharton, Amy S. (2005). The Sociology of Gender: An Introduction to Theory and Research. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 29–31. ISBN 978-1-40-514343-1.
^ Male vs Masculine/Feminine:
Ferrante, Joan (January 2010). Sociology: A Global Perspective (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 269–272. ISBN 978-0-8400-3204-1.
“What do we mean by ‘sex’ and ‘gender’?”. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.
Halberstam, Judith (2004). “‘Female masculinity'”. In Kimmel, Michael S.; Aronson, Amy (eds.). Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 294–5. ISBN 978-1-57-607774-0.
^ Kimmel, Michael S.; Aronson, Amy, eds. (2004). Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-1-57-607774-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen (1998). “Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary American Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context”. Human Development. 41 (5–6): 295–315. doi:10.1159/000022591. ISSN 0018-716X. S2CID 143862036.
^ Gilmore, David D. (1990). Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity. Yale University Press. pp. 48. ISBN 0-300-05076-3.
^ “Virtue (2009)”. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
^ “Virile (2009)”. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
^ Brockhaus: Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, 2001.
^ Schott, G D (24 December 2005). “Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree”. BMJ : British Medical Journal. 331 (7531): 1509–1510. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1322246. PMID 16373733.
^ “Solar System Symbols”. NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
^ Stearn, William T. (1962). “The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology”. Taxon. 11 (4): 109–113. doi:10.2307/1217734. ISSN 0040-0262.
Further reading
Andrew Perchuk, Simon Watney, bell hooks, The Masculine Masquerade: Masculinity and Representation, MIT Press 1995
Pierre Bourdieu, Masculine Domination, Paperback Edition, Stanford University Press 2001
Robert W. Connell, Masculinities, Cambridge : Polity Press, 1995
Warren Farrell, The Myth of Male Power Berkley Trade, 1993 ISBN 0-425-18144-8
Michael Kimmel (ed.), Robert W. Connell (ed.), Jeff Hearn (ed.), Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities, Sage Publications 2004
External links
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Man
Man
Contributors to Wikimedia projects14-17 minutes 8/2/2001
DOI: 10.1007/s11061-016-9489-1, Show Details
This article is about adult human males. For humans in general, see Human.
For other uses, see Man (disambiguation).
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