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-the most common ‘uni-directional microphone’ is a ‘cardioid microphone’, so named because the ‘sensitivity pattern’ is “heart-shaped”-
(i.e. a ‘cardioid’)
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The cardioid family of microphones are commonly used as vocal or speech microphones since they are good at rejecting sounds from other directions.
In three dimensions, the cardioid is shaped like an apple centred around the microphone, which is the “stem” of the apple.
The cardioid response reduces pickup from the side and rear, helping to avoid feedback from the monitors.
Since these directional transducer microphones achieve their patterns by sensing pressure gradient, putting them very close to the sound source (at distances of a few centimeters) results in a bass boost due to the increased gradient.
This is known as the proximity effect.[44]
The SM58 has been the most commonly used microphone for live vocals for more than 50 years[45] demonstrating the importance and popularity of cardioid mics.
The cardioid is effectively a superposition of an omnidirectional (pressure) and a figure-8 (pressure gradient) microphone;[46] for sound waves coming from the back, the negative signal from the figure-8 cancels the positive signal from the omnidirectional element, whereas, for sound waves coming from the front, the two add to each other.
However, in low frequencies a cardioid microphone behaves as an omnidirectional microphone.
By combining the two components in different ratios, any pattern between omni and figure-8 can be achieved, which comprise the first-order cardioid family. Common shapes include:
A hyper-cardioid microphone is similar to cardioid, but with a slightly larger figure-8 contribution, leading to a tighter area of front sensitivity and a smaller lobe of rear sensitivity. It is produced by combining the two components in a 3:1 ratio, producing nulls at 109.5°. This ratio maximizes the directivity factor (or directivity index).[47][48]
A super-cardioid microphone is similar to a hyper-cardioid, except there is more front pickup and less rear pickup. It is produced with about a 5:3 ratio, with nulls at 126.9°. This ratio maximizes the front-back ratio; the energy ratio between front and rear radiation
The sub-cardioid microphone has no null points. It is produced with about 7:3 ratio with 3–10 dB level between the front and back pickup
Three such cardioid microphones/hydrophones could be orthogonally oriented as a collocated triad to improve the gain and also create a steerable beampattern.[51][52]
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cardioid
Cardioid
Contributors to Wikimedia projects12-16 minutes 5/8/2004
Cardioid generated by a rolling circle on a circle with the same radius
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