-APPLE M1- - -KINGDOM OF JOGA-

-RELEASED [10 NOVEMBER 2020]-

-the ‘apple M1’ is an ‘ARM-based system on a chip’ (SoC) designed by ‘apple incorporated’ as a ‘central processing unit’ (CPU) + ‘graphics processing unit’ (GPU) for its ‘macintosh computers’ + ‘iPad Pro tablets’-

(M for ‘macintosh’?)

It also marks the third change to the instruction set used by Macintosh computers, 14 years after Apple switched Macs from PowerPC to Intel in 2006.

Apple claims the chip has the world’s fastest CPU core “in low power silicon” and the world’s best CPU performance per watt

The M1 was released in November 2020, followed the next year by the Apple M1 Pro and M1 Max versions.

These differ largely in size and the number of functional units:

for example, the original M1 has about 16 billion transistors; the largest M1 Max, 57 billion.

The M1 runs Apple’s own macOS and iPadOS operating systems. Initial support for the M1 SoC in the ‘linux kernel’ was released on June 27, 2021, with version 5.13.[6]

The memory architecture makes the RAM not user-upgradeable; it is sold with 8 GB or 16 GB, which is shared among all compute units.

The initial versions contain an architectural defect permitting sandboxed applications to exchange data, violating the security model

Design

CPU[edit]

The M1 has four high-performance “Firestorm” and four energy-efficient “Icestorm” cores, providing a hybrid configuration similar to ARM DynamIQ and Intel’s Lakefield and Alder Lake processors

This combination allows power-use optimizations not possible with previous Apple–Intel architecture devices. Apple claims the energy-efficient cores use one-tenth the power of the high-performance ones.[9] The high-performance cores have an unusually large[10] 192 KB of L1 instruction cache and 128 KB of L1 data cache and share a 12 MB L2 cache; the energy-efficient cores have a 128 KB L1 instruction cache, 64 KB L1 data cache, and a shared 4 MB L2 cache. The SoC also has a 16MB System Level Cache shared by the GPU.

GPU[edit]
The M1 integrates an Apple designed[3] eight-core (seven in some base models) graphics processing unit (GPU). Each GPU core is split into 16 Execution Units, which each contain eight Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs). In total, the M1 GPU contains up to 128 Execution units or 1024 ALUs,[11] which Apple says can execute up to 24,576 threads simultaneously and which have a maximum floating point (FP32) performance of 2.6 TFLOPs.[8][12]

Other features[edit]
The M1 uses 4,266 MT/s LPDDR4X SDRAM[13] in a unified memory configuration shared by all the components of the processor. The SoC and RAM chips are mounted together in a system-in-a-package design. 8 GB and 16 GB configurations are available.

The M1 contains dedicated neural network hardware in a 16-core Neural Engine, capable of executing 11 trillion operations per second.[8] Other components include an image signal processor (ISP), an NVMe storage controller, Thunderbolt 4 controllers, and a Secure Enclave.

Supported codecs include H264 and H265 (8/10bit, up to 4:4:4), VP9, and JPEG.[citation needed]

Performance and efficiency[edit]
The M1 recorded competitive performance and efficiency in popular benchmarks (Geekbench 5, Cinebench R23).[14]

The 2020 M1-equipped Mac mini draws 7 watts when idle and 39 watts at maximum load,[15] compared with 20 watts idle and 122 watts maximum load for the 2018, 6-core Intel i7 Mac mini.[16] The energy efficiency of the M1 doubles the battery life of M1-based MacBooks from the previous Intel-based MacBooks.[citation needed]

At release, the MacBook Air (M1, 2020) and MacBook Pro (M1, 2020) were considered to be the fastest MacBooks produced by Apple,[17] while also causing the resale value of Intel MacBooks to drop sharply.[18]

Gallery[edit]

The Apple M1 processor with the heatspreader, only showing the two modules containing the LPDDR4X SDRAM.

M1 on a Mac mini (model 9,1, 2020) logic board compared with A13 SOC on an iPhone 11 CPU board.

Products that use the Apple M1[edit]
MacBook Air (M1, 2020) – base model has 7-core GPU[19]
Mac Mini (M1, 2020)[20]
MacBook Pro (13-inch, M1, 2020)[21]
iMac (24-inch, M1, 2021) – base model has 7-core GPU[22]
iPad Pro, 11-inch (3rd generation)[23]
iPad Pro, 12.9-inch (5th generation)[23]
Issues[edit]
USB power delivery bricking[edit]
After its release, some users who charged M1 devices through USB-C hubs reported bricking their device.[24] The devices that are reported to cause this issue were third party USB-C hubs and non-Thunderbolt docks (excluding Apple’s own dongle).[24] Apple handled this issue by replacing the logic board and by telling its customers not to charge through those hubs.[citation needed] macOS Big Sur 11.2.2 includes a fix to prevent 2019 or later MacBook Pro models and 2020 or later MacBook Air models from being damaged by certain third-party USB-C hubs and docks.[25][26]

Hardware errata[edit]
The M1 chip has errata given the name “M1RACLES”. Two sandboxed applications can exchange data without the system’s knowledge by using an unintentionally writable processor register as a covert channel, violating the security model and constituting a minor vulnerability. It was discovered by Héctor Martín Cantero.[27]

See also[edit]

Apple A14

Rosetta 2

Apple M1 Pro and M1 Max

Universal 2 binary

References[edit]

^ Jump up to: a b c Frumusanu, Andrei (November 17, 2020), The 2020 Mac Mini Unleashed: Putting Apple Silicon M1 To The Test, archived from the original on 2021-02-01, retrieved 2020-11-18

^ [Teardown] Late 2020 Mac mini: Apple Silicon M1, Thunderbolt…, archived from the original on 2020-12-02, retrieved 2020-11-18

^ Jump up to: a b Apple’s M1 Pro, M1 Max SoCs Investigated: New Performance and Efficiency Heights. Page 6, “GPU Performance: 2-4x For Productivity, Mixed Gaming”

^ Jump up to: a b “The Apple M1 is the first ARM-based chipset for Macs with the fastest CPU cores and top iGPU”. GSMArena.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-25. Retrieved 2020-11-11.

^ Sohail, Omar (2020-11-10). “Apple’s 5nm M1 Chip Is the First for ARM-Based Macs – Boasts 2x More Performance Than Latest Laptop CPU, Uses One-Fourth the Power”. Wccftech. Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2020-11-11.

^ Adorno, José (2021-06-28). “Linux Kernel 5.13 officially launches with support for M1 Macs”. 9to5Mac. Retrieved 2021-06-29.

^ Goodin, Dan (2021-05-28). “Covert channel in Apple’s M1 is mostly harmless, but it sure is interesting”. Ars Technica. Retrieved 2021-11-18.

^ Jump up to: a b c “Apple M1 Chip”. Apple.com. Apple. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.

^ “Here’s what the future of Apple silicon Macs look like”. iMore. 2020-11-10. Archived from the original on 2020-12-07. Retrieved 2020-12-05.

^ “Apple Announces The Apple Silicon M1: Ditching x86 – What to Expect, Based on A14: Apple’s Humongous CPU Microarchitecture”. AnandTech. 2020-11-10. Retrieved 2021-07-15.

^ Frumusanu, Andrei. “The 2020 Mac Mini Unleashed: Putting Apple Silicon M1 To The Test”. www.anandtech.com. Archived from the original on 2021-02-01. Retrieved 2021-01-30.

^ Kingsley-Hughes, Adrian (10 Nov 2020). “Apple Silicon M1 chip: Here’s what we know”. ZDnet. Red Ventures. Retrieved 1 July 2021.

^ “M1 MacBook Air & Pro – EXCLUSIVE Apple Interview! | The Tech Chap – YouTube”. www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-13. Retrieved 2020-11-14.

^ Antoniadis, Anastasios (November 21, 2020). “Apple M1 Benchmarks Are Here – Apple Delivered Performance and Efficiency”. Borderpolar. Archived from the original on December 28, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2021.

^ “Mac mini power consumption and thermal output (BTU) information”. Apple Support. Retrieved 2021-08-08.

^ Lovejoy, Ben (January 28, 2021). “M1 Mac mini power consumption and thermal output figures highlight Apple Silicon efficiency”. 9To5Mac. Retrieved May 14, 2021.

^ Cunningham, Andrew (December 18, 2020). “The Best MacBooks”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.

^ “The Mac price crash of 2021”. ZDNet. 2021-02-25. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2021-03-01.

^ “MacBook Air (M1, 2020) – Technical Specifications”. support.apple.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

^ “Mac mini (M1, 2020) – Technical specifications”. support.apple.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

^ “MacBook Pro (13-inch, M1, 2020) – Technical Specifications”. support.apple.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

^ “iMac features all-new design in vibrant colors, M1 chip, and 4.5K Retina display”. Apple Newsroom. Archived from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-04-20.

^ Jump up to: a b “iPad Pro – Technical Specifications”. Apple. Archived from the original on 2019-01-04. Retrieved 2021-04-21.

^ Jump up to: a b “M1 MacBook Air won’t power on”. MacRumors Forums. Archived from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2021-02-26.

^ Miller, Chance (February 25, 2021). “macOS Big Sur 11.2.2 released with fix for using MacBooks with ‘non-compliant’ USB-C hubs”. 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021.

^ “What’s new in the updates for macOS Big Sur”. Apple Support. February 25, 2021. macOS Big Sur 11.2.2. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021.

^ Goodin, Dan (30 May 2021). “Apple’s M1 Chip Has a Fascinating Flaw”. Wired. Condé Nast. Retrieved 1 July 2021.

External links[edit]

Official website

en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apple_M1
Apple M1
Contributors to Wikimedia projects10-12 minutes 11/10/2020
Apple M1
Illustration of an M1 processor
Apple M1 chip

General information

Launched November 10, 2020[1]

Common manufacturer(s)

TSMC

Product code APL1102[2]

Performance

Max. CPU clock rate 3.2 GHz[1]

Cache

L1 cache 192+128 KB per core (performance cores)

128+64 KB per core (efficient cores)

L2 cache 12 MB (performance cores)

4 MB (efficient cores)

Architecture and classification

Application Desktop (Mac Mini, iMac), Notebook (MacBook family), Tablet (iPad Pro)

Technology node 5 nm

Microarchitecture “Firestorm” and “Icestorm”[1]

Instruction set ARMv8.5-A

Physical specifications

Transistors

16 billion

Cores

8 (4× high-performance + 4× high-efficiency)

GPU(s) Apple-designed integrated graphics (up to 8 cores)[3]

Products, models, variants

Variant(s)

M1 Pro, M1 Max

History

Predecessor Intel Core and Apple T2 chip (Mac)

Apple A12Z Bionic (iPad Pro)

*APPLE M1 PRO*

*APPLE M1 MAX*

*wiki-link*

*18 OCTOBER 2021*

The Apple M1 Pro and M1 Max are systems-on-chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc. for the MacBook Pro, based on the licensed ARM architecture, and manufactured on TSMC’s N5 process.[1]

They were announced at an Apple event on October 18, 2021.

Based on the Apple M1, the M1 Pro and M1 Max are Apple’s first professional-focused systems-on-a-chip for the Mac.

The M1 Max is a higher-powered version of the M1 Pro, with more GPU cores and memory bandwidth and a larger die size

Design[edit]
CPU[edit]

The M1 Pro and M1 Max have eight high-performance “Firestorm” (six in lower-binned variants of the M1 Pro) and two energy-efficient “Icestorm” cores, providing a hybrid configuration for a total of 10 cores (8 in some base models of the M1 Pro)

GPU[edit]

The M1 Pro integrates an Apple-designed 16-core (14 in some base models) graphics processing unit (GPU), while the M1 Max integrates a 32-core (24 in some base models) GPU.

Each GPU core is split into 16 Execution Units, which each contain eight Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs).

In total, the M1 Max GPU contains up to 512 Execution units or 4096 ALUs, which have a maximum floating point (FP32) performance of 10.4 TFLOPs.

They have the same 16-core Neural Engine, Secure Enclave, and two media engines as the Apple A14 Bionic, and include three Thunderbolt 4 controllers

The M1 Pro includes a media engine supporting ProRes encoding and decoding,

while the M1 Max includes two engines

Other features

The M1 Pro and M1 Max have a unified memory architecture, meaning that all components on the chip, such as the CPU and GPU, share the same memory addressing.

The memory is LPDDR5-6400 SDRAM on 8 channels with a total bandwidth of 200 GB/s for the M1 Pro and 400 GB/s for the M1 Max.

The M1 Pro comes in memory configurations of 16 GB and 32 GB, while the M1 Max comes in configurations of 32 GB and 64 GB

The M1 Max supports High Power Mode on the 16-inch MacBook Pro for intensive tasks

The M1 Pro supports two 6K displays over Thunderbolt and a 4K monitor over HDMI, while the M1 Max supports a third 6K display over Thunderbolt

Variants

Variant Efficient

cores Performance

cores Graphics

EU Graphics

ALU Memory Transistor

count

M1 4 4 7 112 896 8 – 16 16 billion

M1 8 128 1024

M1 Pro 2 6 14 224 1792 16 – 32 34 billion

M1 Pro 8

M1 Pro 16 256 2048

M1 Max 2 8 24 384 3072 32 – 64 57 billion

M1 Max 32 512 4096

Products that use the M1 Pro and M1 Max[edit]

MacBook Pro (14-inch and 16-inch, 2021)