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(Arabic: أبو العباس عبد الله بن محمد السفّاح;
721/722 – 10 June 754)
*usually known as Abul ‘Abbas as-Saffaḥ*
(or simply by his laqab As-Saffah*)
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*’Abu al-‘Abbās ‘Abdallāh ibn Muhammad al-Saffāḥ’ was the 1st caliph of the ‘Abbasid Caliphate’, one of the longest and most important ‘caliphates’ (‘islamic dynasties’) in ‘islamic history’*
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(Due to different methods of romanising Arabic names, the spellings As-Saffah and Al-Saffah may both be found.)
Abū’l ‘Abbās’ laqab or caliphal title was As-Saffāḥ (السفّاح), meaning “the Blood-Shedder” for his ruthless tactics and perhaps also to instill fear in his enemies.
Family origins and earlier history[edit]
As-Saffāḥ, born in Humeima (modern-day Jordan), was head of one branch of the Banu Hāshim from Arabia, a subclan of the Quraysh tribe who traced its lineage to Hāshim, a great-grandfather of Muhammad via ‘Abbās, an uncle of Muhammad, hence the title “Abbasid” for his descendants’ caliphate. This indirect link to Muhammad’s larger clan formed sufficient basis for As-Saffah’s claim to the title caliph.
As narrated in many hadith, many believed that in the end times a great leader or mahdi would appear from the family of Muhammad, to which Ali belonged, who would deliver Islam from corrupt leadership. The half-hearted policies of the late Umayyads to tolerate non-Arab Muslims and Shi’as had failed to quell unrest among these minorities.
During the reign of late Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik this unrest led to a revolt in Kufa in southern Iraq, mainly by the town’s slaves. Shi’ites revolted in 736 and held the city until 740, led by Zayd ibn Ali, a grandson of Husayn and another member of the Banu Hashim. Zayd’s rebellion was put down by Umayyad armies in 740. The revolt in Kufa indicated both the strength of the Umayyads and the growing unrest in the Muslim world.
During the last days of the Umayyad caliphate, Abu al-‘Abbās and his clan chose to begin their rebellion in Khurasān, an important, but remote military region comprising eastern Iran, southern parts of the modern Central Asian republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and northern Afghanistan. In 743, the death of the Umayyad Caliph Hishām provoked a rebellion in the east. Abu al-`Abbās, supported by Shi’as and the residents of Khurasān, led his forces to victory over the Umayyads. The civil war was marked by millennial prophecies encouraged by the beliefs of some Shi’as that As-Saffāḥ was the mahdi. In Shi’ite works such as the Al-Jafr faithful Muslims were told that the brutal civil war was the great conflict between good and evil. The choice of the Umayyads to enter battle with white flags and the Abbasids to enter with black encouraged such theories. The color white, however, was regarded in much of Persia as a sign of mourning.
Family tree[edit]
Abbasid Caliphate was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad’s uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib (566–653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name.[1]
Hashim ibn Abd-Manaf
Abd al-Muttalib
Al-Abbas (Prophet’s uncle)
Abdallah ibn Abbas
Ali ibn Abdallah
Muhammad ibn Ali
Ibrahim As-Saffah Al-Mansur
As-Saffah’s Caliphate[edit]
In early October 749 (132 AH), Abu al-‘Abbās as-Saffāh’s rebel army entered Kufa, a major Muslim center in Southern Iraq. As-Saffah had not been yet declared caliph. One of his priorities was to eliminate his Umayyad rival, caliph Marwan II. The latter was defeated in February 750 at a battle on the (Great) Zab river north of Baghdad, effectively ending the Umayyad caliphate, which had ruled since 661 AD. Marwan II fled back to Damascus, which didn’t welcome him, and was ultimately killed on the run in Egypt that August.[2] As-Saffah would go on to become the first Abbasid caliph, but he did not come forward to receive the pledge of allegiance from the people until after the Umayyad caliph[3] and a large number of his princes were already killed.[3]
In one far-reaching, historic decision, as-Saffāh established Kufa as the new capital of the caliphate, ending the dominance of Damascus in the Islamic political world, and Iraq would now become the seat of ‘Abbassid power for many centuries.
Dirham of Abbasid Caliph Al-Saffah
Later tales recount that, concerned that there would be a return of rival Umayyad power, as-Saffāh invited all of the remaining members of the Umayyad family to a dinner party where he had them clubbed to death before the first course, which was then served to the hosts.[4] The only survivor, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu’awiya, escaped to the province of al-Andalus (Spain), where the Umayyad caliphate would endure for three centuries in the west in the Emirate of Córdoba. Another version is that as-Saffāḥ’s new governor to Syria, ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Ali, hunted down the last of the family dynasty, with only Abd al-Rahmān escaping. Ultimately, ‘Abbasid rule was accepted even in Syria, and the beginning of the new Islamic dynasty was considered “free from major internal dissensions.”[5]
As-Saffāh’s four-year reign was marked with efforts to consolidate and rebuild the caliphate. His supporters were represented in the new government, but apart from his policy toward the Umayyad family, as-Saffāh is widely viewed by historians as having been a mild victor. Jews, Nestorian Christians, and Persians were well represented in his government and in succeeding Abbasid administrations. Education was also encouraged, and the first paper mills, staffed by skilled Chinese prisoners captured at the Battle of Talas, were set up in Samarkand.[citation needed]
Equally revolutionary was as-Saffāh’s reform of the army, which came to include non-Muslims and non-Arabs in sharp contrast to the Umayyads who refused any soldiers of either type. As-Saffāh selected the gifted Abu Muslim as his military commander, an officer who would serve until 755 in the Abbasid army.
Not all Muslims accept the legitimacy of his caliphate, however. According to later Shi’ites, as-Saffāh turned back on his promises to the partisans of the Alids in claiming the title caliph for himself. The Shi’a had hoped that their imam would be named head of the caliphate, inaugurating the era of peace and prosperity the millennialists had believed would come. The betrayal alienated as-Saffāh’s Shi’a supporters, although the continued amity of other groups made Abbasid rule markedly more solvent than that of the Umayyads.
Caliph Abu al-AbbāsAbdu’llāh as-Saffāḥ died of smallpox on June 10, 754 (136 AH), only four years after taking the title of caliph. Before he died, as-Saffah appointed his brother Abu Ja’far al-Mansur[6] and, following him, the caliph’s nephew Isa ibn Musa as his successors; ibn Musa, however, never filled the position.
Abbasid Military Activities[edit]
During his reign a great battle took place in 751 known as the Battle of Talas or Battle of Artlakh was a military engagement between the Abbasid Caliphate along with their ally the Tibetan Empire against the Chinese Tang dynasty. In July 751 AD, Tang and Abbasid forces met in the valley of the Talas River to vie for control over the Syr Darya region of central Asia. After several days of stalemate, the Karluk Turks originally allied to the Tang defected to the Abbasids and tipped the balance of power, resulting in a Tang rout.
The defeat marked the end of Tang westward expansion and resulted in Muslim control of Transoxiana for the next 400 years. Control of this region was economically beneficial for the Abbasids because it was on the Silk Road. Historians debate whether or not Chinese prisoners captured in the aftermath of the battle brought paper-making technology to the Middle East, where it eventually spread to Europe.[7]
The numbers of combatants involved in the Battle of Talas are not known with certainty; however, various estimates exist. The Abbasid army (200,000 Muslim troops according to Chinese estimates, though these numbers may be greatly exaggerated) which included contingents from their Tibetan ally met the combined army of 10,000 Tang Chinese and 20,000 Karluk mercenaries (Arab records put the Chinese forces at 100,000 which also may be greatly exaggerated).[8]
In the month of July 751, the Abbasid forces joined in combat with the Tang Chinese force (the combined army of Tang Chinese and Karluk mercenaries) on the banks of the Talas river.
Modern view of Talas River, which starts in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan and winds down into Kazakhstan. On the right side of the river is the city of Taraz.
The Tang army was subjected to a devastating defeat. The Tang dynasty’s defeat was due to the defection of Karluk mercenaries and the retreat of Ferghana allies who originally supported the Chinese. The Karluk mercenaries, two-thirds of the Tang army, defected to the Abbasids during the battle; Karluk troops attacked the Tang army from close quarters while the main Abbasid forces attacked from the front. The Tang troops were unable to hold their positions, and the commander of the Tang forces, Gao Xianzhi, recognized that defeat was imminent and managed to escape with some of his Tang regulars with the help of Li Siye. Out of an estimated 10,000 Tang troops, only 2,000 managed to return from Talas to their territory in Central Asia. Despite losing the battle, Li did inflict heavy losses on the pursuing Arab army after being reproached by Duan Xiushi. After the battle, Gao was prepared to organize another Tang army against the Arabs when the devastating An Shi Rebellion broke out in 755. When the Tang capital was taken by rebels, all Chinese armies stationed in Central Asia were ordered back to China proper to crush the rebellion.[9]
Also in 751, the Byzantine Emperor Constantine V led an invasion across the frontier of the Caliphate. The Byzantines captured Theodosiopolis (Erzurum) and Melitene (Malatya), which was demolished. There was no serious attempt to retain control of the captured cities, except for Camachum (modern Kemah, Erzincan), which was garrisoned.[10][11]
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Succession
As-Saffah died after a five-year reign and Al-Mansur took on the responsibility of establishing the Abbasid caliphate by holding on to power for nearly 22 years, from Dhu al-Hijjah 136 AH until Dhu al-Hijjah 158 AH (754 – 775).[12][13]
Al-Mansur was proclaimed Caliph on his way to Mecca in the year 753 (136 AH) and was inaugurated the following year.[14]
Abu Ja’far Abdallah ibn Muhammad took the name Al-Mansur (“the victorious”) and agreed to make his nephew Isa ibn Musa his Heir to the Abbasid caliphate.
This agreement was supposed to resolve rivalries in the Abbasid family, but Al-Mansur’s right to accession was particularly challenged by his uncle Abdullah ibn Ali.
Once in power, caliph Al-Mansur had his uncle imprisoned in 754 and killed in 764
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See also[edit]
Al-Mahdi nephew and son-in-law of As-Saffah.
Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi an Abbasid Prince and Grandson of As-Saffah.
Sulayman ibn Ali al-Hashimi an Abbasid governor of Basra from 750 to 755.
Battle of the Zab a battle that took place on January 25, 750. It spelled the end of the Umayyads and the rise of the Abbasids
Abbasid Revolution was the overthrow of the Caliph Marwan II by As-Saffah.
References[edit]
^ Hoiberg 2010, p. 10.
^ Kennedy, H. (2004). The prophet and the age of the caliphates. 2nd ed.
^ Jump up to: a b The Oxford History of Islam, p. 25. Ed. John Esposito. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 9780199880416
^ Roberts, J: History of the World. Penguin, 1994.
^ Kennedy, H. (2004). The prophet and the age of the caliphates. 2nd ed. Page 129.
^ History of Banu Abbas’s Caliphates
^ “The Battle of Talas, In Our Time”. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
^ The strength of Arabs is not recorded for this battle, but the armies to the east of Khorasan controlled by the Arabs later were estimated by the Chinese in 718 with 900,000 troops available to respond according to Bai Shouyi, Bai however never estimate any Abbasid army figures. (Bai 2003, pp. 225–26).
^ Bai, pp. 226–28.
^ Treadgold (1997), pp. 360, 362
^ Bonner, p. 107
^ Sanders, P. (1990). The Meadows of Gold: The Abbasids by MAS‘UDI. Translated and edited by Lunde Paul and Stone Caroline, Kegan Paul International, London and New York, 1989 ISBN 0 7103 0246 0. Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, 24(1), 50–51. doi:10.1017/S0026318400022549
^ Axworthy, Michael (2008); A History of Iran; Basic, USA; ISBN 978-0-465-00888-9. p. 81.
^ Aikin, John (1747). General biography: or, Lives, critical and historical, of the most eminent persons of all ages, countries, conditions, and professions, arranged according to alphabetical order. London: G. G. and J. Robinson. p. 201. ISBN 1333072457.
^ Marsham, Andrew (2009). Rituals of Islamic Monarchy: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire. Edinburgh University Press. p. 192. ISBN 9780748630776.
Bibliography[edit]
Bonner, M.D. (2004) Arab-Byzantine Relations in Early Islamic Times, Ashgate/Variorum, Farnham ISBN 9780860787167
Kennedy, Hugh (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7.
Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
Williams, John Alden, ed. (1985). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXVII: The ʿAbbāsid Revolution, A.D. 743–750/A.H. 126–132. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-884-4.
Hoiberg 2010, Abbasid Caliphate
The Oxford History of Islam, p. 25. Ed. John Esposito. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: As-Saffah
Wikisource logo Works written by or about As-Saffah at Wikisource
As-Saffah
Banu Hashim
Clan of the Banu Quraish
Born: c. 721 CE Died: c. 10 June 754 CE
Shia Islam titles
Preceded by
Ibrahim “al-Imām” ibn Muhammad
Eighth Imam of the Hashimiyya
? – 10 June 754 Succeeded by
Abu Ja’far Abdallah
As-Saffah
Abbasid dynasty
Born: 721 Died: 10 June 754
Sunni Islam titles
Preceded by
Marwan II
as Caliph of the Umayyad dynasty Caliph of Islam
Abbasid Caliph
25 January 750 – 10 June 754 Succeeded by
Al-Mansur
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/As-Saffah
As-Saffah
Contributors to Wikimedia projects14-18 minutes 10/15/2003
“Al-Saffah” redirects here. For the archaeological site in Oman, see Al-Saffah, Oman.
Abu al-‘Abbās ‘Abdallāh as-Saffāḥ
أبو العباس عبد الله السفّاح
Khalīfah
Amir al-Mu’minin
Balami – Tarikhnama – Abu’l-‘Abbas al-Saffah is proclaimed the first ‘Abbasid Caliph (cropped).jpg
As-Saffah’s proclamation as caliph, from a 14th-century illustrated manuscript of Balami’s Tarikhnama
1st Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate
Reign 25 January 750 – 10 June 754
Predecessor Dynasty established
Marwan II as Umayyad Caliph
Successor Al-Mansur
Born c. 721
Humeima, Bilad al-Sham
(modern-day Jordan)
Died 10 June 754 (aged 33)
Al-Anbar, Abbasid Caliphate
(modern-day Iraq)
Burial
Anbar (beneath the minbar)
Spouse Umm Salamah al-Makhzum
Issue
Abu Saeed Mohammad
Raitah bint al-Saffah
Names
Kunya: Abu’l-Abbas
Given name: Abdallah
Laqab: As-Saffah
Nasab: Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim
Dynasty Abbasid
Father Muhammad ibn Ali
Mother Raita Al-Harsia
Religion Sunni Islam
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*“AL-MANSUR”* ☞ 👉👉👉
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👈👈👈☜*“THE ABBASID KALIFATE”* ☞ 👉👉👉
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