Identity documents in the United States are typically the regional state-issued driver’s license or identity card
while also the Social Security card (or just the Social Security number) and the United States Passport Card may serve as national identification.
The United States passport itself also may serve as identification.
However there is no official “national identity card” in the United States, in the sense that there is no federal agency with nationwide jurisdiction that directly issues an identity document to all US citizens for mandatory regular use.
There have been proposals to nationalize ID cards, as currently citizens are identified by a patchwork of documents issued by both the federal government as well as individual state and local governments.
It is both a political issue and a practical one, and the idea of federalism is cited as supporting federated (regional) identification. All legislative attempts to create a national identity card have failed due to tenacious opposition from liberal and conservative politicians alike, who regard the national identity card as the mark of a totalitarian society.[1]
The most common national photo identity documents are the passport and passport card, which are issued by the U.S. Department of State to U.S. nationals only upon voluntary application. Issuance of these documents is discretionary – that is, for various reasons, the State Department can refuse an application for a passport or passport card.
More recently, various trusted traveler programs have been opened to the public in the United States, including TSA Precheck, Sentri, Nexus, FAST (Free and Secure Trade), and Global Entry. With the exception of TSA Precheck, which provides a unique “Known Traveler Number,” these programs provide photo IDs issued by the Department of Homeland Security and are considered national photo IDs.
The driver’s license, which is issued by each individual state, operates as the de facto national identity card due to the ubiquity of driving in the United States. Each state also issues a non-driver state identity card which fulfills the same identification functions as the driver’s license, but does not permit the operation of a motor vehicle.
Social Security cards have federal jurisdiction but cannot verify identity. They verify only the match between a given name and a Social Security Number (SSN) and were intended only for use in complying with Social Security payroll tax laws. They now are used in a wider scope of activities, such as for obtaining credit and other regulated financial services in banking and investments.
Birth certificate[edit]
The birth certificate is the initial identification document issued to parents shortly after the birth of their child. The birth certificate is typically issued by local governments, usually the city or county where a child is born. It is an important record, often called a “feeder document,” because it establishes U.S. citizenship through birthright citizenship, which is then used to obtain, or is the basis for, all other identity documents.[2] By itself, the birth certificate is usually only considered proof of citizenship but not proof of identity, since it is issued without a photograph at birth, containing no identifying features. A birth certificate is normally produced along with proof of identity, such as a driver’s license or the testimony of a third party (such as a parent), to establish identity or entitlement to a service.
A child born abroad to two U.S. citizen parents, or one citizen parent and one non-citizen, also typically has citizenship from birth. Such births are registered with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. If the embassy or consulate determines the child acquired citizenship at birth, it issues a Consular Report of Birth Abroad, also known as Form FS-240.[3] A birth certificate will also be issued locally in the country where the child was born. The consular report is proof of U.S. citizenship and may be used to obtain a passport for the child and register the child for school, among other purposes.[4]
[edit]
SSN Card with Not For Identification Purposes tagline
The Social Security number (SSN) and card are issued by the Social Security Administration. Almost all parents voluntarily apply for a Social Security number shortly after the birth of a child. In the absence of a national identity card (and concordant national identity number), the Social Security number has become the de facto national identifier for a large variety of purposes, both governmental and non-governmental.
The SSN was created to ensure accurate reporting of a worker’s wages to the Social Security Administration. Prior to 1986, it was common to apply for a SSN shortly before it might be needed, most often when a teenager. Tax reform acts of 1986, 1988, and 1990 required parents to supply the SSN of children over age 5, 2, or 1 respectively, to receive an income tax deduction for the child. This led to parents applying for their children’s SSN at birth.
Because their original purpose was so limited, Social Security cards were not designed with the rigorous security measures typically expected of identity documents. They do not have a photograph or physical description of the bearer, nor are they required to be renewed. Therefore, the Social Security card is not usually considered proof of identity, only proof that the person named on the card holds the number indicated on the card. It is normally used in conjunction with other documents, such as a photo ID, to prove that the person holding the card is legally present in the U.S. and has the right to work in the U.S. (unless the card is marked with a restriction).[5]
Many organizations, universities, and corporations historically used SSNs to uniquely identify their customer or student populations. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, also known as the Buckley Amendment, required changes that eliminated the use of the SSN as an identifier for a student. Educational institutions now request the SSN at first contact as required by other federal laws and assign their own unique number to each person to maintain the individual’s privacy as required. Other laws require the SSN be associated with interest-bearing accounts, interest-paying loans, most public assistance programs, and state-issued identification, e.g. driver’s licenses. To reduce the incidence of identity theft, several states have passed laws that require institutions using the SSN to assign their own identifier numbers to individuals, and prohibit them from using the SSN as a primary key.
State-issued driver’s license/ID card[edit]
A driver’s license is issued by each state’s DMV, which is required to drive.[6] Each state’s DMV can also issue a state identification card. It does not contain any endorsements to operate vehicles and can be used as official identification where asked for or needed.
In addition to verifying driving privileges, drivers’ licenses are used to purchase automobile insurance or during a police traffic stop and serve as the primary form of identity for American adults. They are widely used by both government entities and private businesses to verify identity or age, such as in entering secure government facilities, boarding a commercial airliner, business transactions, or in the purchase of age-restricted items such as alcoholic beverages or cigarettes.
Drivers’ licenses issued in any state are recognized as valid identity documents in all other states under a variety of legal principles like comity and the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States Constitution. However, if a person permanently moves to another state as a resident, state laws usually give a period of time, such as 60 days, in which a person must surrender his out-of-state license for the license of his new home state.
Driver’s licenses include a gender marker, typically either “M” or “F”. This has been changing in the early 21st century. As of September 2019, at least 14 states and the District of Columbia offer a third, gender-neutral option beyond “male” and “female”[7] to serve people with nonbinary gender identities.
Requirement to carry identification[edit]
Although many American adults carry their drivers’ licenses at all times when they are outside their homes,[citation needed] there is no legal requirement that they must carry their licenses when not operating a vehicle. However, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that states are permitted to require people to truthfully state their name when a police officer asks them;[citation needed] about half of the states have enacted some variant of stop and identify statutes requiring compliance with such police inquiries. In some states, such as California, failure to produce an identification document upon citation for any traffic infraction (such as riding a bicycle on the wrong side of a street) is sufficient justification for full custodial arrest.[8]
REAL ID Act[edit]
Prior to 2005, each state designed its own driver’s license according to its own standards. In 2005, the U.S. Congress passed a controversial bill known as the REAL ID Act, which established uniform standards for the design and content of state drivers’ licenses and delegated authority to the Department of Homeland Security to implement and regulate compliance with the Act. One of the more-controversial aspects of the Act was that it requires all the underlying state databases be linked into a single national database.[citation needed]
Passport and passport card[edit]
United States passports are issued by the U.S. Department of State. Applications for passports are most often filed at United States Postal Service offices or local county or municipal clerk’s offices. For many years, passports were not required for U.S. citizens to re-enter from countries near the United States (including Canada, Mexico, Bermuda, and most Caribbean and Central American nations.) In light of this, and given the country’s immense size and the great distances which the average citizen lives from an international border, passport possession in the United States had remained relatively low. Indeed, most Americans normally did not obtain passports or carry them regularly unless traveling abroad, and as of 2006, only 60 million (20% of Americans) had passports.[9] As of 2011, approximately 37% of Americans have passports or passport cards.[10]
However, in response to recommendations in the 9/11 Commission Report, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security now requires proof of citizenship for people entering the United States from neighboring countries. This requirement is known as the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative, and was implemented in stages:
On January 23, 2007, a passport, U.S. Coast Guard Merchant Mariner’s Document, or NEXUS card became mandatory when re-entering from those locations when traveling by air, with a few exceptions.
On January 31, 2008, officers at land and sea ports of entry stopped taking oral declarations of citizenship from travelers; all individuals entering the U.S. are now required to present documentary proof of identity and citizenship.
Beginning July 1, 2009, people entering the United States by land or sea must present a passport, passport card, or other document proving citizenship or permanent resident status.
By law, an unexpired U.S. passport (or passport card) is conclusive proof of U.S. nationality (though not necessarily citizenship) and has the same force and effect as proof of United States nationality as certificates of naturalization or of citizenship, if issued to a U.S. citizen for the full period allowed by law.[11]
Passport card[edit]
Front and back of a U.S. passport card.
The main purpose of the U.S. passport card is to provide a more convenient wallet-sized identity and travel document for citizens who want to carry an official federal ID and for those who live near a land border.[12] It can be used for land and sea travel between the United States and Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean and Bermuda but cannot be used for other countries or for international air travel.[13] Other than these travel limitations, the passport card carries the same rights and privileges as the passport book. The passport card is also accepted as valid identification for domestic air travel inside the United States.[14]
When outside the United States and the above-mentioned countries, the passport card can be used as identification and proof of citizenship within a particular country, even though it is not valid for travel internationally (i.e., traveling from Germany to Switzerland/Austria/France/etc.).[15]
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services has indicated that the U.S. Passport Card may be used in the Employment Eligibility Verification Form (also known as the I-9) process.[16] The passport card is considered a “List A” document that may be presented by newly hired employees during the employment eligibility verification process to show work authorized status. “List A” documents are those used by employees to prove both identity and work authorization when completing the Form I-9.
Department of Defense Identification Card[edit]
Members of the military and employees of the Department of Defense receive identity documents based on their status. A Geneva Conventions Identification Card (called a Common Access Card or CAC) is issued to Active Duty and Selected Reserve service members, DOD employees, and some contractors. Adult dependents of service members, retired service members, and members of the inactive ready reserve receive a different kind of military ID that does not contain the smart card cryptographic chip that the Common Access Card has.
A DOD identification card number usually matches the holder’s Social Security Number. However, on June 1, 2011, the DOD began phasing out use of the SSN to protect service members’ identities.[17] It was replaced with a 10-digit DOD ID Number and a 12-digit Benefits ID Number.
Other identity documents[edit]
In the absence of a national identity card, the typical adult in the United States often possesses a large number of documents issued by many different public and private entities to prove their identity.
For citizens who acquire United States citizenship not by virtue of being born in the United States, the federal government issues a Certificate of U.S. Citizenship or Certificate of Naturalization, which are documents that function similarly to a birth certificate. These two documents, along with a U.S. passport, are by law one of the few primary documents for proving U.S. citizenship. These certificates are normally not carried on a day-to-day basis; instead, they are used to procure other documents, such as a passport or driver’s license, which are then carried and used as a primary means of identification.
The federal government also issues a variety of other documents and cards which can be used to establish identity. Immigration and travel documents such as the Green Card or a visa can be used to prove identity and the right to work in the United States (if applicable). Trusted traveler cards are issued by US Customs and Border Protection to indicate participation in the NEXUS, SENTRI, or Global Entry programs used to facilitate expedited entry through customs. Within the marine trades (and supporting trades thereof), the Transportation Worker Identification Credential provides unescorted access to secured port facilitates.
Federal, state, and local governments and agencies typically issue identification cards for their employees. These cards can be used to prove identity outside of the workplace. Although there are varying degrees of acceptance, government workplace identification is generally seen as more trustworthy than workplace identification from a private company. A notable example is the Department of Defense’s Common Access Card, which functions as the military’s primary ID card.
There are a variety of secondary documents used to establish identity. However, these documents are typically not accepted as a primary form of identification. They are typically only used to obtain a primary form of identification (usually a driver’s license or passport), when other forms of identification have been lost or stolen, or as auxiliary documents in conjunction with a primary form of identification. These other documents include:
Access documents issued by private or governmental organizations, such as a press pass or a backstage pass
Baptismal certificate
Clinic, doctor or hospital record
Credit cards and debit cards
Day care or nursery school record
Deed for ownership of real estate, which is often used as proof of residence or address.
Divorce Decree
Health insurance card issued by a private health insurance company, by Medicare, or by a government agency
Hunting license[18]
Internal identification card issued by one’s employer, university, or school
Library card
License documents issued by government organizations authorizing privileges other than driving, such as an amateur radio license, pilot’s license, or concealed firearm permit
Marriage certificate
Massachusetts Liquor Identification Card (do not have to be a Massachusetts resident)
Medical cannabis card
Proof of automobile insurance card (when driving), renter’s insurance, or homeowner’s insurance
Proof of professional certification (for members of regulated professions)
School record or report card
Utility bills, which are often used as proof of residence or address.
Voter’s registration card
W-2 wage and tax statement
Membership ID[edit]
Loyalty cards issued by private companies (supermarkets, warehouse club stores, etc.)
Private associations identification
Private clubs (social, athletic, educational, alumni, etc.)
Professional organization identification
Native American Indian Documents[edit]
Certificate of Indian Status (INAC) card
Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood
I-872 American Indian Card
Documentation of Indian Census Roll
Indian Health Services eligibility/document
Tribal enrollment documentation
Tribal Membership Card
References[edit]
^ G. David Garson, Public Information Technology and E-governance: Managing the Virtual State (Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2006), 171.
^ The importance of the birth certificate as a document establishing entitlement to American citizenship arises from the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, whose first sentence is as follows: “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.”
^ “Consular Report of Birth Abroad (CRBA)””, U.S. Birth Certificates, accessed July 28, 2020
^ “Birth of U.S. Citizens Abroad”,” U.S. Department of State–Bureau of Consular Affairs, accessed July 20, 1984.
^ “Instructions for Employment Eligibility Verification” (USCIS Form I-9), US Department of Homeland Security, March 8, 2013, p. 9.
^ “Driving in the U.S.” USA.gov. U.S. General Services Administration’s Technology Transformation Service. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
^ McDonald, Danny (November 12, 2019). “Non-binary gender designation is now available on Mass. licenses – The Boston Globe”. BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
^ People v. McKay, 27 Cal. 4th 601, 606 (2002) (upholding conviction for methamphetamine possession) and Cal. Vehicle Code 40302(a). The sole basis for stopping McKay was that he was riding his bicycle on the wrong side of a residential street; California, like most other states, requires bicyclists to ride with the flow of vehicular traffic even though that increases their risk of being hit from behind by wayward vehicles. When McKay could not produce identification, he was arrested and searched. The officer found methamphetamine in McKay’s sock.
^ “U.S. sticks with passport plan for travelers entering from Canada, Mexico”. USA Today. September 2, 2005. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
^ “U.S. Passports and International Travel”.
^ “22 U.S.C. § 2705 – U.S. Code Title 22. Foreign Relations and Intercourse § 2705”. Findlaw. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
^ “Apply for a Passport Card”. travel.state.gov. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
^ “U.S. Passports & International Travel”.
^ Driver’s License or Passports Preferred ID at Checkpoints, retrieved May 30, 2008.
^ Passport Card Archived November 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
^ “USCIS Informs The Public That New Passport Card Is Acceptable For Employment Eligibility Verification”. USCIS.
^ Defense Department News
^ NNA Staff (September 30, 2015). “Can I Accept A Hunting License As Proof Of Identity?”. National Notary Association. National Notary Association. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
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There is no compulsory federal-level ID card that is issued to all US citizens. US citizens and nationals may obtain passports or US passport cards if they chose to, but this is ultimately optional and the alternatives described below are more popular.
For most people, driver’s licenses issued by the respective state and territorial governments have become the de facto identity cards, and are used for many identification purposes, such as when purchasing alcohol and tobacco, opening bank accounts, and boarding planes, along with confirming a voter’s identity in states with voter photo identification initiatives. Individuals who do not drive are able to obtain an identification card with the same functions from the same state agency that issues driver’s licenses. In addition, many schools issue student and teacher ID cards.[134]
The United States passed a bill entitled the REAL ID Act on May 11, 2005. The bill compels states to begin redesigning their driver’s licenses to comply with federal security standards by December 2009. Federal agencies would reject licenses or identity cards that do not comply, which would force Americans accessing everything from airplanes to national parks and courthouses to have the federally mandated cards. At airports, those not having compliant licenses or cards would simply be redirected to a secondary screening location. The REAL ID Act is highly controversial, and 25 states have approved either resolutions or binding legislation not to participate in the program. With President Obama’s selection of Janet Napolitano (a prominent critic of the program) to head the Department of Homeland Security, the future of the law remains uncertain,[135][needs update] and bills have been introduced into Congress to amend or repeal it.[136] The most recent of these, dubbed PASS ID, would eliminate many of the more burdensome technological requirements but still require states to meet federal standards in order to have their ID cards accepted by federal agencies.
The bill takes place as governments are growing more interested in implanting technology in ID cards to make them smarter and more secure. In 2006, the U.S. State Department studied issuing passports with Radio-frequency identification, or RFID, chips embedded in them. Virginia may become the first state to glue RFID tags into all its driver’s licenses. Seventeen states, however, have passed statutes opposing or refusing to implement the Real ID Act.[137]
The United States passport verifies both personal identity and citizenship, but is not mandatory for citizens to possess within the country and is issued by the US State Department on a discretionary basis.
Since February 1, 2008, U.S. citizens may apply for passport cards, in addition to the usual passport books. Although their main purpose is for land and sea travel within North America, the passport card may also be accepted by federal authorities (such as for domestic air travel or entering federal buildings), which may make it an attractive option for people residing where state driver’s licenses and ID cards are not REAL ID-compliant, should those requirements go into effect. TSA regulations list the passport card as an acceptable identity document at airport security checkpoints.[138]
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services has indicated that the U.S. passport card may be used in the Employment Eligibility Verification Form I-9 (form) process.[139] The passport card is considered a “List A” document that may be presented by newly hired employees during the employment eligibility verification process to show work authorized status. “List A” documents are those used by employees to prove both identity and work authorization when completing the Form I-9.
The basic document needed to establish a person’s identity and citizenship in order to obtain a passport is a birth certificate. These are issued by either the US state of birth or by the US Department of State for overseas births to US citizens. A child born in the US is in nearly all cases (except for children of foreign diplomats) automatically a US citizen. The parents of a child born overseas to US citizens should report the birth to the corresponding US embassy/consulate to obtain a Consular Report of Birth Abroad, or they will need to apply for recognition of their citizenship at a later date.[140]
Social Security numbers and cards are issued by the US Social Security Administration for tracking of Social Security taxes and benefits. They have become the de facto national identification number for federal and state taxation, private financial services, and identification with various companies. SSNs do not establish citizenship because they can also be issued to permanent residents as well as citizens. They typically can only be part of the establishment of a person’s identity; a photo ID that verifies date of birth is also usually requested.
A mix of various documents can be presented to, for instance, verify one’s legal eligibility to take a job within the US. Identity and citizenship is established by presenting a passport alone, but this must be accompanied by a Social Security card for taxation ID purposes. A driver’s license/state ID establishes identity alone, but does not establish citizenship, as these can be provided to non-citizens as well. In this case, an applicant without a passport may sign an affidavit of citizenship or be required to present a birth certificate. They must still also submit their Social Security number.
“Residency” within a certain US jurisdiction, such as a voting precinct, can be proven if the driver’s license or state ID has the home address printed on it corresponding to that jurisdiction. Utility bills or other pieces of official printed mail can also suffice for this purpose. In the case of voting, citizenship must also be proven with a passport, birth certificate, or signed citizenship affidavit. Receiving in-state tuition at a state’s public college or university also requires proof of residency using one of the above methods. Ownership of property, proved by a deed, also immediately confers residency in most cases.
A Social Security number does not prove any form of residency, and neither does a passport, as neither of these documents is tied to a specific jurisdiction apart from the US as a whole, and a person can be issued either of these without living in the US (such as being born abroad to parent(s) who are US citizens).
Thus, “residency in the US” is not clearly defined, and determining this often depends on the particular administrative process at hand.
The Selective Service System has in the past, in times of a military draft, issued something close to a National ID Card, only for men that were eligible for the draft
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Identity_documents_in_the_United_States
Identity documents in the United States
Contributors to Wikimedia projects19-24 minutes
6/15/2005
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