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-as of [24 JUNE 2025]–
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-[Face ID] is a ‘facial recognition system’ designed/developed by ‘apple incorporated’ for the ‘iPhone’ and [iPad Pro]-
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The system allows biometric authentication for
unlocking a device
making payments
accessing sensitive data,
providing detailed facial expression tracking for Animoji,
as well as six degrees of freedom (6DOF) head-tracking, eye-tracking, and other features
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Initially released in November 2017 with the iPhone X, it has since been updated and introduced to several new iPhone models, and all iPad Pro models
The Face ID hardware consists of a sensor with three modules;
a dot projector that projects a grid of small infrared dots onto a user’s face,
a module called the flood illuminator that shines infrared light at the face,
and an infrared camera which takes an infrared picture of the user, reads the resulting pattern and generates a 3D facial map
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This map is compared with the registered face using a secure subsystem, and the user is authenticated if the two faces match sufficiently. The system can recognize faces with glasses, clothing, makeup, and facial hair, and adapts to changes in appearance over time.
Face ID has sparked a number of debates about security and privacy. Apple claims that Face ID is statistically more advanced than Touch ID fingerprint scanning.[3] It exhibits significantly fewer false positives. Still, Face ID has shown issues at separating identical twins.[4] Multiple security features largely limit the risk of the system being bypassed using photos or masks, and only one proof-of-concept attempt using detailed scans has succeeded. Debate continues over the lack of legal protections offered by biometric systems as compared to passcode authentication in the United States. Privacy advocates have also expressed concern about third-party app developers’ access to “rough maps” of user facial data, despite rigid requirements by Apple of how developers handle facial data.
On some devices, Face ID is unable to recognize users wearing face masks.[5][6] Apple responded to criticism by offering faster fallback to passcode input, and the option for Apple Watch users to confirm whether they intended to unlock their iPhone.[7] In March 2022, Apple released iOS 15.4 which adds mask-compatible Face ID for iPhone 12 and later devices.[8]
History[edit]
Apple announced Face ID during the unveiling of the iPhone X on September 12, 2017.[9] The system was presented as the successor to Touch ID, Apple’s previous fingerprint-based authentication technology embedded in the home button of the iPhone 8 and earlier devices in addition to the second and third-generation iPhone SE.[10] On September 12, 2018, Apple introduced the iPhone XS and XR with faster neural network processing speeds, providing a significant speed increase to Face ID. On October 30, 2018, Apple introduced the third generation iPad Pro, which brings Face ID to the iPad and allows face recognition in any orientation.[11] iOS 13 included an upgraded version of Face ID which is up to 30% faster than Face ID on previous versions.[12]
Technology[edit]
Infrared dots projected by an iPhone with Face ID
Face ID’s technology is based on PrimeSense’s previous work with low-cost infrared depth perception that was the basis of the Kinect motion sensor for the Xbox console line from Microsoft; Apple had acquired PrimeSense in 2013 after Microsoft started to wane on the use of Kinect.[13][14]
Face ID is based on a facial recognition sensor that consists of two parts: a dot projector module that projects more than 30,000 infrared dots onto the user’s face, and an infrared camera module that reads the pattern.[15] The pattern is encrypted and sent to a local “Secure Enclave” in the device’s CPU to confirm a match with the registered face.[16][17] The stored facial data is a mathematical representation of key details of the face, and it is inaccessible to Apple or other parties.[16] To avoid involuntary authentication, the system requires the user to open their eyes and look at the device to attempt a match, although this can be disabled through an accessibility setting.[16] Face ID is temporarily disabled and the user’s passcode is required after 5 unsuccessful scans, 48 hours of inactivity, restarting the device, or if two of the device’s both side buttons are held briefly.[18]
Apple claimed the probability of someone else unlocking a phone with Face ID is 1 in 1,000,000 as opposed to Touch ID at 1 in 50,000.[10][19] During initial setup, the user’s face is scanned twice from a number of angles to create a complete reference map. As the system is used, it learns about typical variations in a user’s appearance, and will adjust its registered face data to match aging, facial hair growth, and other changes using the Neural Engine. The system will recognize a face wearing hats, scarves, glasses, most sunglasses,[20] facial hair or makeup.[21] It also works in the dark by invisibly illuminating the whole face with a dedicated infrared flash module.[22]
Authentication with Face ID is used to enable a number of iOS features, including unlocking the phone automatically on wake, making payments with Apple Pay, and viewing saved passwords. Apps by Apple or third-party developers can protect sensitive data with a system framework; the device will verify the user’s identity and return success or failure without sharing face data with the app. Additionally, Face ID can be used without authentication to track over 50 aspects of a user’s facial expression and positioning, which can be used to create live effects such as Animoji or camera filters. In recent years, third party developers have developed more use cases for FaceID such as e.g. Eyeware Beam, an iOS app that provides a reliable and precise, multi-purpose head and eye-tracking tool. It is used to enable control of the camera angle through head-motion-in games and eye-tracking to share attention with audience in streams, but also augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) and biometric research.[23]
Devices with Face ID[edit]
iPhone
iPhone X
iPhone XR
iPhone XS & XS Max
iPhone 11
iPhone 11 Pro & 11 Pro Max
iPhone 12 & 12 Mini
iPhone 12 & 12 Pro Max
iPhone 13 & 13 Mini
iPhone 13 Pro & 13 Pro Max
iPhone 14 & 14 Plus
iPhone 14 Pro & 14 Pro Max
iPad
iPad Air (5th generation)
iPad Pro (3rd generation)
iPad Pro (4th generation)
iPad Pro (5th generation)
iPad Pro (6th generation)
Mac
MacBook Pro (2023)
Safety[edit]
Face ID uses an infrared flood illuminator and dot projector, though Apple insists that the output is low enough that it will cause no harm to the eyes or skin, and meets ‘international safety standards’. They do not, however, recommend the sensor be repaired by third parties, citing security concerns. There is also an inbuilt feature to deactivate Face ID should unauthorized components be found.[24]
Issues[edit]
Twins and close relatives[edit]
Inconsistent results have been shown when testing Face ID on identical twins, with some tests showing the system managing to separate the two,[25] while other tests have failed.[26] The system has additionally been fooled by close relatives.[27] Apple states that the probability of a false match is different for twins and siblings, as well as children under 13 years of age, as “their distinct facial features may not have fully developed”.[28]
Law enforcement access[edit]
Face ID has raised concerns regarding the possibility of law enforcement accessing an individual’s phone by pointing the device at the user’s face.[29] United States Senator Al Franken asked Apple to provide more information on the security and privacy of Face ID a day after the announcement,[30] with Apple responding by highlighting the recent publication of a security white paper and knowledge base detailing answers.[31][32]
The Verge noted that courts in the United States have granted different Fifth Amendment rights to keycode and biometric unlocking systems. Keycodes are considered “testimonial” evidence based on the contents of users’ thoughts, whereas fingerprints are considered physical evidence, with some suspects having been ordered to unlock their phones via fingerprint.[33]
In August 2018, the FBI obtained a warrant to search the property (which includes electronic devices) of a man accused of transmitting child pornography; they unlocked the suspect’s iPhone by holding it up to his face, without needing his passcode.[34]
Infiltration[edit]
Many people have attempted to fool Face ID with sophisticated masks, though most have failed.[35] In November 2017, Vietnamese security firm Bkav announced in a blog post that it had created a $150 mask that successfully unlocked Face ID, but WIRED noted that Bkav’s technique was more of a “proof-of-concept” rather than active exploitation risk, with the technique requiring a detailed measurement or digital scan of the iPhone owner’s face, putting the real risk of danger only to targets of espionage and world leaders.[36][37]
Third-party developers[edit]
If the user explicitly grants a third-party app permission to use the camera, the app can also access basic facial expression and positioning data from Face ID for features such as precise selfie filters such as those seen in Snapchat, or game characters mirroring real-world user facial expressions. The data accessible to third parties is not sufficient to unlock a device or even identify a user, and Apple prohibits developers from selling the data to others, creating profiles on users, or using the data for advertising. The American Civil Liberties Union and the Center for Democracy and Technology raised privacy questions about Apple’s enforcement of the privacy restrictions connected to third-party access, with Apple maintaining that its App Store review processes were effective safeguards. Jay Stanley, a senior policy analyst with the ACLU, has stated that the overall idea of letting developers access sensitive facial information was still not satisfactorily handled, with Stanley telling Reuters that “the privacy issues around of the use of very sophisticated facial recognition technology for unlocking the phone have been overblown. The real privacy issues have to do with the access by third-party developers”.[38][39]
Use with face masks[edit]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks were employed as a public and personal health control measure against the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Face ID at the time was incompatible with face masks, with Apple stating “Face ID is designed to work with your eyes, nose and mouth visible.”[40] With the release of iOS 13.5, Apple added a feature that automatically brought up the passcode screen if it detected that the user was wearing a mask.[41][42] Apple was criticized for not addressing these issues with the release of the iPhone 12, but was praised for the lack of inclusion of Face ID in favor of Touch ID integration into the power button on the fourth-generation iPad Air.[5][43] In April 2021, Apple released iOS 14.5 and watchOS 7.4 with an option to allow Apple Watch to act as a backup if Face ID fails due to face masks.[7] In March 2022, Apple released iOS 15.4 which adds mask-compatible Face ID for iPhone 12 and later devices.[8]
See also[edit]
Touch ID
Structured-light 3D scanner
References[edit]
^ “Apple’s Face ID: Cheat sheet”. TechRepublic. June 11, 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
^ “About Face ID advanced technology”. Apple Support. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
^ “Apple Special Event 2017”.
^ “The new Face ID technology: is it a revolutionary invention?”. ELITE Institute. Retrieved 2020-07-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Collins, Katie (October 20, 2020). “Our masks make Face ID useless. iPhone 12 did nothing to fix it”. CNET. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
^ Asmelash, Leah (11 August 2020). “New York’s MTA is asking Apple to create a Face ID that works with masks”. CNN. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
^ Jump up to: a b “iPhone update lets Apple Watch users unlock Face ID in a mask”. The Guardian. 2021-02-02. Retrieved 2021-02-03.
^ Jump up to: a b “Use Face ID while wearing a mask with iPhone 12 and later”. Apple Support. 2022-03-14. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
^ Savov, Vlad (September 12, 2017). “iPhone X announced with edge-to-edge screen, Face ID, and no home button”. The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Tepper, Fitz (September 12, 2017). “Face ID is replacing Touch ID on the new iPhone X”. TechCrunch. Oath Inc. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ “Apple’s new iPad Pro has Face ID, USB-C, and slimmer bezels than ever before”. The Verge. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
^ Koetsier, John (September 23, 2019). “Apple Finally Gets Face Unlock Right: iPhone 11 And iOS 13”. Forbes. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
^ Buckley, Sean (November 17, 2013). “Report: Apple buys PrimeSense, co-creators of the original Kinect”. Engadget. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
^ Cooper, Daniel (November 4, 2020). “Ten years on, Kinect’s legacy goes beyond Xbox”. Engadget. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
^ Kubota, Yoko (September 27, 2017). “Apple iPhone X Production Woe Sparked by Juliet and Her Romeo”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brandom, Russell (September 12, 2017). “The five biggest questions about Apple’s new facial recognition system”. The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
^ Ng, Alfred (September 27, 2017). “Is Face ID secure? Apple takes on lingering questions”. CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
^ Panzarino, Matthew (September 15, 2017). “Interview: Apple’s Craig Federighi answers some burning questions about Face ID”. TechCrunch. Oath Inc. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ Warren, Tom (October 25, 2017). “Apple’s Face ID struggles detailed in new iPhone X report”. The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ Clover, Juli (September 13, 2017). “Apple’s New Face ID Biometric System Works in the Dark and When Your Face is Obscured by Hats and Beard”. MacRumors. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ Clover, Juli (September 14, 2017). “Apple’s Face ID Feature Works With Most Sunglasses, Can Be Quickly Disabled to Thwart Thieves”. MacRumors. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ Heisler, Yoni (November 3, 2017). “Infrared video shows off the iPhone X’s new Face ID feature in action”. BGR. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
^ “Eye-tracking app Eyeware Beam free to download in iPhone beta”. Apple Insider. Retrieved 2021-09-08.
^ “About Face ID advanced technology”. Apple Support. November 7, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
^ Ocbazghi, Emmanuel (October 31, 2017). “We put the iPhone X’s Face ID to the ultimate test with identical twins — and the results surprised us”. Business Insider. Axel Springer SE. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ Ulanoff, Lance (October 31, 2017). “The iPhone X can’t tell the difference between identical twins”. Mashable. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ Deahl, Dani (November 14, 2017). “This 10-year-old was able to unlock his mom’s iPhone using Face ID”. The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ Hall, Zac (September 27, 2017). “Apple explains how iPhone X facial recognition with Face ID works (and fails) in security paper”. 9to5Mac. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ Kircher, Madison Malone (September 12, 2017). “Yes, You Can Unlock the New iPhone With Your Face. Here’s How It Works”. Select All. New York. Archived from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
^ Romm, Tony (September 13, 2017). “Apple is facing questions from the U.S. Senate on the privacy protections in iPhone X and Face ID”. Recode. Vox Media. Archived from the original on November 10, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
^ Lomas, Natasha (October 17, 2017). “Apple responds to Senator Franken’s Face ID privacy concerns”. TechCrunch. Oath Inc. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
^ Shah, Saqib (October 18, 2017). “Apple responds to Sen. Al Franken’s Face ID concerns in letter”. Engadget. Oath Inc. Archived from the original on November 10, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
^ Robertson, Adi (September 12, 2017). “Why Face ID won’t give you the legal protection of a passcode”. The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ Brewster, Thomas. “Feds Force Suspect To Unlock An Apple iPhone X With Their Face”. Forbes. Retrieved 2019-05-05.
^ Greenberg, Andy (November 3, 2017). “We tried really hard to beat Face ID – and failed (so far)”. Wired. Condé Nast. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ Greenberg, Andy (November 12, 2017). “Hackers say they’ve broken Face ID a week after iPhone X release”. Wired. Condé Nast. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ Ong, Thuy (November 13, 2017). “This $150 mask beat Face ID on the iPhone X”. The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ Nellis, Stephen (November 2, 2017). “App developer access to iPhone X face data spooks some privacy experts”. Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ Statt, Nick (November 2, 2017). “Apple will share face mapping data from the iPhone X with third-party app developers”. The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ Bloom, Jonathan (May 21, 2020). “Face ID With a Mask? Here’s How to Unlock Your iPhone in the Age of COVID-19”. NBC Bay Area. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
^ Coggan, Georgia (May 4, 2020). “Apple finally reveals Face ID ‘fix’ so you can keep your face mask on”. Creative Bloq. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
^ “Get to Know Face ID on iPhone”. shop.rewa.tech. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
^ Tibken, Shara (October 13, 2020). “iPhone 12 and the Touch ID button: Why Apple probably won’t give it to us this year”. CNET. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
External links[edit]
Official website
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Face_ID
Face ID
Contributors to Wikimedia projects17-21 minutes 9/12/2017
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Icon used by Apple to indicate Face ID technology, based on the Happy Mac icon
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About Face ID advanced technology
Learn how Face ID helps protect your information on your iPhone and iPad Pro.
Much of our digital lives are stored on iPhone and iPad, and it’s important to protect that information. In the same way that Touch ID revolutionized authentication using a fingerprint, Face ID revolutionizes authentication using facial recognition. Face ID provides intuitive and secure authentication enabled by the state-of-the-art TrueDepth camera system with advanced technologies to accurately map the geometry of your face.
With a simple glance, Face ID securely unlocks your iPhone or iPad Pro. You can use it to authorize payments with Apple Pay, purchases from the App Store, Book Store, and other Apple media services, and more. Developers can also allow you to use Face ID to sign into their apps.
Advanced technologies
The technology that enables Face ID is some of the most advanced hardware and software that we’ve ever created. The TrueDepth camera captures accurate face data by projecting and analyzing thousands of invisible dots to create a depth map of your face and also captures an infrared image of your face. A portion of your device’s neural engine — protected within the Secure Enclave — transforms the depth map and infrared image into a mathematical representation and compares that representation to the enrolled facial data.
Face ID automatically adapts to changes in your appearance, such as wearing cosmetic makeup or growing facial hair. If there is a more significant change in your appearance, like shaving a full beard, Face ID confirms your identity by using your passcode before it updates your face data. Face ID is designed to work with hats, scarves, glasses, contact lenses, and many sunglasses. Furthermore, it’s designed to work indoors, outdoors, and even in total darkness. With iPhone 12 or later, Face ID even works with face masks.
To start using Face ID, you need to first enroll your face. You might do this during the initial set up process, or at a later time by going to Settings > Face ID & Passcode. To unlock your device using Face ID, simply glance at it. Face ID requires that the TrueDepth camera sees your face or your eyes, whether your device is lying on a surface or you’re holding it in a natural position. The TrueDepth camera has a similar range of view as when you take a photo or make a FaceTime call with the front camera. Face ID works best when the device is arm’s length or less from your face (25–50 cm away from your face). To use Face ID while wearing a mask, set up the feature and make sure the camera can see your eyes.
The TrueDepth camera is intelligently activated; for example, by tapping to wake your screen, from an incoming notification that wakes the screen, or by raising to wake your iPhone. Each time you unlock your device, the TrueDepth camera recognizes you by capturing accurate depth data and an infrared image. This information is matched against the stored mathematical representation to authenticate.
Security safeguards
Security is important to all of us to protect information on our devices. We have done some important things to safeguard your information, the same way we did with Touch ID. Face ID uses the TrueDepth camera and machine learning for a secure authentication solution. Face ID data — including mathematical representations of your face — is encrypted and protected with a key available only to the Secure Enclave.
The probability that a random person in the population could look at your iPhone or iPad Pro and unlock it using Face ID is less than 1 in 1,000,000 with a single enrolled appearance whether or not you’re wearing a mask. As an additional protection, Face ID allows only five unsuccessful match attempts before a passcode is required. The statistical probability is higher — and further increased if using Face ID with a mask — for twins and siblings that look like you, and among children under the age of 13, because their distinct facial features might not have fully developed. If you’re concerned about this, we recommend using a passcode to authenticate. You can also use Face ID without enabling Face ID with a mask.
Face ID matches against depth information, which isn’t found in print or 2D digital photographs. It’s designed to protect against spoofing by masks or other techniques through the use of sophisticated anti-spoofing neural networks. Face ID is even attention-aware, and Face ID with a mask will always confirm attention. Face ID recognizes if your eyes are open and your attention is directed towards the device. This makes it more difficult for someone to unlock your device without your knowledge (such as when you are sleeping).
To use Face ID, you must set up a passcode on your device. You must enter your passcode for additional security validation when:
The device has just been turned on or restarted.
The device hasn’t been unlocked for more than 48 hours.
The passcode hasn’t been used to unlock the device in the last six and a half days and Face ID hasn’t unlocked the device in the last 4 hours.
The device has received a remote lock command.
After five unsuccessful attempts to match a face.
After initiating power off or Emergency SOS by pressing and holding either volume button and the side button simultaneously for 2 seconds.
If your device is lost or stolen, you can prevent Face ID from being used to unlock your device by marking your device as lost in Find My.
Privacy
At Apple, we believe privacy is a fundamental human right and we’ve designed Face ID to protect your privacy. Face ID data — including mathematical representations of your face — is encrypted and protected by the Secure Enclave. This data will be refined and updated as you use Face ID to improve your experience, including when you successfully authenticate. Face ID will also update this data when it detects a close match but a passcode is subsequently entered to unlock the device. Face ID data doesn’t leave your device and is never backed up to iCloud or anywhere else.
If you choose to enroll in Face ID, you can control how it’s used or disable it at any time. For example, if you don’t want to use Face ID to unlock your device, open Settings > Face ID & Passcode, and disable iPhone Unlock or iPad Unlock. You can also use Face ID without setting up the ability to use it with a face mask. To disable Face ID entirely, open Settings > Face ID & Passcode, and tap Reset Face ID. Doing so will delete Face ID data, including mathematical representations of your face, from your device. If you choose to erase or reset your device using Find My or erasing all content and settings, all Face ID data will be deleted.
Even if you don’t enroll in Face ID, the TrueDepth camera intelligently activates to support attention aware features, like dimming the display if you aren’t looking at your device or lowering the volume of alerts if you’re looking at your device. For example, when using Safari, your device checks to determine if you’re looking at your device and turns the screen off if you aren’t. If you don’t want to use these features, you can open Settings > Face ID & Passcode and turn off Attention Aware Features.
Within supported apps, you can enable Face ID for authentication. Apps are notified only as to whether the authentication is successful. Apps can’t access Face ID data associated with the enrolled face.
Safety
iPhone and iPad Pro and the TrueDepth camera system have been thoroughly tested and meet international safety standards. The TrueDepth camera system is safe to use under normal usage conditions. The system will not cause any harm to eyes or skin, due to its low output. It’s important to know that the laser system might be disabled for safety reasons if the device is damaged or malfunctions. If you receive a notification on your iPhone or iPad Pro that Face ID has been disabled, you should have a trained technician who uses genuine Apple parts repair your device. Improper repair, modification, or use of nongenuine Apple components in the laser systems might prevent the safety mechanisms from functioning properly, and could cause hazardous exposure and injury to eyes or skin.
Learn what to do if you see an alert that says Face ID has been disabled
When viewed through certain types of cameras, you might notice light output from the TrueDepth camera. This is expected as some cameras might detect infrared light. Some might also notice a faint light output from the TrueDepth camera when viewed in a very dark room. This is expected in extremely dark settings.
Accessibility
Accessibility is an integral part of Apple products. Users with physical limitations can select “Accessibility Options” during enrollment. This setting doesn’t require the full range of head motion to capture different angles and is still secure to use but requires more consistency in how you look at your iPhone or iPad Pro.
Face ID also has an accessibility feature to support individuals who are blind or have low vision. If you don’t want Face ID to require that you look at your device with your eyes open, you can open Settings > Accessibility > Face ID & Attention, and turn off Require Attention for Face ID. This setting is automatically turned off if you enable VoiceOver during initial set up.
Learn more
Learn which iPhone and iPad models support Face ID
Set up and use Face ID
Use Face ID while wearing a mask
Get help with Face ID
Published Date: December 09, 2024
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