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-as of [23 JUNE 2024]–
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[the ‘World Meteorological Organization’ (WMO) is a ‘specialized agency’ of the ‘United Nations’ responsible for promoting ‘international cooperation’ on…]
“atmospheric science”
“climatology”
(of course!)
(grumbles dipaolo)
“hydrology”
“geo-physics”
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The WMO originated from the International Meteorological Organization, a nongovernmental organization founded in 1873 as a forum for exchanging weather data and research
Proposals to reform the status and structure of the IMO culminated in the World Meteorological Convention of 1947, which formally established the ‘World Meteorological Organization’
The Convention entered into force on 23 March 1950, and the following year the WMO began operations as an intergovernmental organization within the UN system.
The WMO is made up of 193 countries and territories, and facilitates the “free and unrestricted” exchange of data, information, and research between the respective meteorological and hydrological institutions of its members.[5][6] It also collaborates with nongovernmental partners and other international organizations on matters related to environmental protection, climate change, resource management, and socioeconomic development.[7]
Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the WMO is governed by the World Meteorological Congress, composed of member states, which meets every four years to set policies and priorities. The Congress is led by an Executive Council led by the President, currently Gerhard Adrian of Germany.[8]
Governance[edit]
German meteorologist Gerhard Adrian, president of the World Meteorological Organization, in 2019
The WMO was established by the Convention of the World Meteorological Organization, signed 11 October 1947 and ratified on 23 March 1950. The Convention serves as the constituent treaty of the WMO, setting forth its purposes, governance, and general framework.
The WMO hierarchy:
The World Meteorological Congress, the supreme body of the Organization, determines policy. Each member state and territory is represented by a Permanent Representative with WMO when Congress meets every four years. Congress elects the President and vice-presidents of the Organization and members of the Executive Council; and appoints the Secretary-General.
The Executive Council (EC) implements Congress decisions.
The Secretariat is an eight-department organization with a staff of 200 headed by a Secretary-General, who can serve a maximum of two four-year terms.[9]
The annually published WMO Statement on the status of the World Climate provides details of global, regional and national temperatures and extreme weather events. It also provides information on long-term climate change indicators including atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, sea level rise, and sea ice extent. The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.[10]
As of August 2020, the WMO has a membership of 193 member states and territories.[11]
WMO Strategic Plan[edit]
Disaster risk reduction
The Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS)
The WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS)
Aviation meteorological services
Polar and high mountain regions
Capacity development
Governance
Meteorological codes[edit]
In keeping with its mandate to promote the standardization of meteorological observations, the WMO maintains numerous code forms for the representation and exchange of meteorological, oceanographical, and hydrological data. The traditional code forms, such as SYNOP, CLIMAT and TEMP, are character-based and their coding is position-based. Newer WMO code forms are designed for portability, extensibility and universality. These are BUFR, CREX, and, for gridded geo-positioned data, GRIB.[citation needed]
Recognitions received[edit]
In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a joint creation of the WMO and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), received the Nobel Peace Prize “for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about anthropogenic (man-made) climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change.”[12]
World Meteorological Day[edit]
The World Meteorological Day is held annually on 23 March.[13]
Use of the International System of Units[edit]
WMO states that “the International System of Units (SI) should be used as the system of units for the evaluation of meteorological elements included in reports for international exchange.”[14] The following units, which include units which are not SI units, are recommended by the WMO for meteorological observations:
Degrees Celsius (°C) for temperature, or alternatively Kelvin (K).
Metres per second (m/s) for wind speed.
Degrees clockwise from north (°) for wind direction, or alternatively on the scale 0-36, where 36 is the wind directly from north and 09 is the directly wind from east.
Hectopascals (hPa) for atmospheric pressure.
Percent (%) for relative humidity.
Millimetres (mm) for precipitation (or the equivalent unit kilograms per square metre (kg/m2))
Millimetres (mm) for evaporation.
Millimetres per hour (mm/h) for precipitation intensity, or alternatively kilograms per square metre per second (kg/m2/s)
Hours (h) for sunshine duration.
Metres (m) for visibility.
Metres (m) for cloud height.
Standard geopotential metre (m’) for geopotential height.
Kilograms per square metre (kg/m2) for snow water equivalent.
Watts per square metre (W/m2) for irradiance.
Joules per square metre (J/m2) for radiant exposure.
Oktas for cloud cover.
Main public outreach materials[edit]
The World Meteorological Organization at a Glance
WMO Public website
WMO for Youth
WMO Bulletin (twice annually)
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (annually)
WMO Statements on the Status of the World Climate (annually)
In September 2020 the WMO published a high-level brief compilation of the latest climate science information from the WMO, GCP, UNESCO-IOC, IPCC, UNEP and the Met Office. The United in Science 2020 Report is subdivided into 7 chapters, which each have a list of key messages.[15][16]
WMO awards and prizes[edit]
International Meteorological Organization Prize[17]
Professor Dr Vilho Väisälä Awards[18]
Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award (suspended in 2014)[19]
WMO Research Award for Young Scientists[20]
Professor Mariolopoulus Award[21]
Membership[edit]
As of May 2019, WMO Members include a total of 187 Member States and 6 Member Territories
.
Ten United Nations member states are not members of WMO:
Equatorial Guinea,
Grenada,
Liechtenstein,
Marshall Islands,
Palau,
Saint Kitts and Nevis,
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
and San Marino
.
Cook Islands and Niue are WMO Members but non-members of the United Nations. Vatican City and State of Palestine and the states with limited recognition are not members of either organization.
The six WMO Member Territories are the British Caribbean Territories (joint meteorological organization and membership),[22] French Polynesia, Hong Kong, Macau, Curaçao and Sint Maarten (joint meteorological service and membership)[22] and New Caledonia. (List of all members with admission dates.)
Membership by regional associations[edit]
The member states of the World Meteorological Organization divided into the six regional associations, shown on a world map
Region I (Africa)[edit]
Region I consists of the states of Africa and a few former colonial powers. Region I has 57 member states and no member territories:[23]
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Republic of the Congo
Côte d’Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Eritrea
Eswatini[24]
Ethiopia
France
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Portugal
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Spain
Sudan
Tanzania, United Republic of
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Non-member
Equatorial Guinea
Region II (Asia)[edit]
Region II has 33 member states and 2 member territories. The member states are:[25]
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Cambodia
People’s Republic of China
India
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Iraq
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Oman
Pakistan
Qatar
Russian Federation
Saudi Arabia
Republic of Korea
Sri Lanka
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Viet Nam
Yemen
The member territories are:
Hong Kong
Macau
Region III (South America)[edit]
Region III consists of the states of South America, including France as French Guiana is an overseas region of France. It has a total of 13 member states and no member territories:[26]
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
French Guiana
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Region IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean)[edit]
Region IV consists of the states of North America, Central America, and the Caribbean, including three European states with dependencies within the region. It has a total of 25 member states and 2 member territories. The member states are:[27]
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
France
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Lucia
Trinidad and Tobago
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
United States of America
Venezuela
The two member territories are:
British Caribbean Territories
Curaçao and Sint Maarten
Non-members
Grenada
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Region V (South-West Pacific)[edit]
Region V consists of 23 member states and 2 member territories. The member states are:[28]
Australia
Brunei Darussalam
Cook Islands
Fiji
Indonesia
Kiribati
Malaysia
Federated States of Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand
Niue
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Samoa
Singapore
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
United States of America
Vanuatu
The Cook Islands and Niue (both are in free association with New Zealand)
The member territories are:
French Polynesia
New Caledonia
Non-members
Marshall Islands
Palau
Region VI (Europe)[edit]
Region VI consists consist of all the states in Europe as well as some Western Asia. It has 50 member states:[29]
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia[30]
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Non-members
Liechtenstein
San Marino
States with membership in more than one region[edit]
A total of ten member states have membership in more than one region. Two nations are members to four different regions, while eight are members of two regions. These nations, with their regions, are as follows:
France (Regions I, III, IV, and VI)
United Kingdom (Regions I, IV, V, and VI)
Colombia (Regions III and IV)
Kazakhstan (Regions II and VI)
Netherlands (Regions IV and VI)
Portugal (Regions I and VI)
Russian Federation (Regions II and VI)
Spain (Regions I and VI)
United States of America (Regions IV and V)
Venezuela (Regions III and IV)
See also[edit]
Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR)
Cloud atlas
Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP)
Global Climate Observing System
International Cloud Atlas
Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre
References[edit]
^ The Secretariat public.wmo.int retrieved on 16.06.2019
^ “History of WMO”. World Meteorological Organization. 2 February 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ “Who we are”. World Meteorological Organization. 2 December 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10076[bare URL PDF] library.wmo.int
^ “Who we are”. World Meteorological Organization. 2 December 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
^ “The WMO Building / Conference Centre”. 12 January 2016.
^ “What we do”. World Meteorological Organization. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
^ Adrian, Gerhard (2019). “President”. WMO. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
^ “WMO Strategic Plan” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2013.
^ “Climate breaks multiple records in 2016, with global impacts”. 20 March 2017.
^ “Members”. 30 September 2015.
^ “IPCC Nobel Peace Prize”. Nobel Prize Committee. 12 October 2007. Archived from the original on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
^ “World Meteorological Day”. World Meteorological Organization. 5 February 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
^ World Meteorological Organization – Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation – Preliminary seventh edition – WMO-No. 8 – Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization – Geneva – Switzerland – 2006 Archived 23 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ “UN report: Covid crisis does little to slow climate change”. BBC News. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
^ “United in Science 2020”. World Meteorological Organization. 19 September 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
^ “International Meteorological Organization (IMO) Prize”. World Meteorological Organization. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ “Professor Dr Vilho Väisälä Awards”. World Meteorological Organization. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ “Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award”. World Meteorological Organization. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ “WMO Research Award for Young Scientists”. World Meteorological Organization. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ “Professor Mariolopoulos Award”. World Meteorological Organization. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c “WMO – Members”. World Meteorological Organization. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ “Members of Regional Association I (Africa)”. World Meteorological Organization. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
^ As Swaziland until 2018.
^ “Members of Regional Association II (Asia)”. World Meteorological Organization. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
^ “Members of Regional Association III (South America)”. World Meteorological Organization. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
^ “Members of Regional Association IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean)”. World Meteorological Organization. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
^ “Members of Regional Association V (South-West Pacific)”. World Meteorological Organization. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
^ “Members of Regional Association IV (Europe)”. World Meteorological Organization. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
^ Under the provisional designation “The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia” until 2019.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
“Public website”. WMO.
“Severe World Weather website”. WMO.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Official website Edit this at Wikidata (as of October 2018, this functions as a WMO Extranet for the WMO Community as an interim solution until a new WMO Community website can be launched)
“International List of Selected, Supplementary and Auxiliary Ships”. International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS). 1999. Pub 47. Including country codes
“World Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3)”. WMO. August 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization
World Meteorological Organization
Contributors to Wikimedia projects15-19 minutes 9/12/2001
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
World Meteorological Organization
World Meteorological Organization Logo.svg
Abbreviation WMO
Formation 23 March 1950; 72 years ago
Type United Nations specialized agency
Legal status Active
Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland
Head
President
Gerhard Adrian [de], Germany
since 2019
Secretary-General
Petteri Taalas, Finland[1]
since 2016
Parent organization
United Nations Economic and Social Council
Website WMO.int
icon Politics portal
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*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
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👈👈👈☜*“THE 15 UN SPECIALIZED AGENCIES”* ☞ 👉👉👉
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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