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-[tupperware] is an [american home products line] that includes [preparation/storage/serving products] for the [kitchen] + [home]-
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In 1942, Earl Tupper developed his first bell-shaped container;
the brand products were introduced to the public in 1946
Tupperware develops, manufactures, and internationally distributes its products as a wholly owned subsidiary of its parent company Tupperware Brands
as of 2007, it was sold by means of approximately 1.9 million direct salespeople on contract.
In 2013, the top marketplace for Tupperware was Indonesia, which topped Germany as the second. Indonesia’s sales in 2013 were more than $200 million
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company history
Tupperware containers from 2011
2 Colourful Tupperware containers
Colourful Tupperware containers
Tupperware was developed in 1946 by Earl Tupper (1907–1983) in Leominster, Massachusetts
He developed polyethylene plastic containers to be used in households to contain food and keep them airtight, which featured a “burping seal” that was patented in 1949.[4] Tupper had already invented the plastic for Tupperware in 1938,[dubious – discuss] but the product succeeded with the emergence of the “sale through presentation” idea, held in a party setting.[5]
Tupperware developed a direct marketing strategy to sell products known as the Tupperware party. The Tupperware party enabled women of the 1950s to earn an income while keeping their focus in the domestic domain.[6] The “party plan” model relies on characteristics generally assumed of housewives (e.g., party planning, hosting a party, and sociable relations with friends and neighbors).
Brownie Wise (1913–1992) recognized Tupperware’s potential as a commodity. She realized that she had to be creative and therefore started to throw these Tupperware parties.[7] Wise, a former sales representative of Stanley Home Products, developed the strategy.[8] As a result, Wise was made vice president of marketing in 1951. Wise soon created Tupperware Parties Inc.[9]
During the early 1950s, Tupperware’s sales and popularity exploded, thanks in large part to Wise’s influence among women who sold Tupperware, and some of the famous “jubilees” celebrating the success of Tupperware ladies at lavish and outlandishly themed parties. At a time when women came back from working during World War II only to be told to “go back to the kitchen”,[10] Tupperware was known as a method of empowering women and giving them a toehold in the postwar business world.[11][12] The tradition of Tupperware’s “Jubilee” style events continues to this day, with rallies being held in major cities to recognize and reward top-selling and top-recruiting individuals, teams, and organizations.
Tupperware spread to Europe in 1960 when Mila Pond hosted Tupperware parties in Weybridge, England, and other locations around the world. At the time, a strict dress code was required for Tupperware ladies, with skirts and stockings (tights) worn at all times, and white gloves often accompanying the outfit.[13] A technique called “carrot calling” helped promote the parties: representatives would travel door-to-door in a neighborhood and ask housewives to “run an experiment” in which carrots would be placed in a Tupperware container and compared with “anything that you would ordinarily leave them in”; it would often result in the scheduling of a Tupperware party.[13]
Rexall, by now the owner of the Tupperware brand, sold its namesake drugstores in 1977 and renamed itself Dart Industries. Dart merged with Kraftco to form Dart & Kraft. The company demerged, with the former Dart assets renamed Premark International. Tupperware Brands was spun off from Premark in 1996; Premark was acquired by Illinois Tool Works three years later.[14]
In 2003 Tupperware closed down operations in the UK and Ireland, citing customer dissatisfaction with their direct sales model.[15] There has been limited importer-based distribution since then.[16] The company announced a formal relaunch in the UK in mid-2011,[17] and recruited UK staff, but in December the relaunch was canceled.[18]
As of 2007 Tupperware was sold by means of approximately 1.9 million direct salespeople on contract.[19]
In May 2018, the Israeli daily TheMarker, reported that Tupperware will withdraw from Israel leaving 2,000 agents without a job. The article attributed this decision to the regional headquarters which manages other Middle Eastern countries.[20] Tupperware Israel relaunched in December 2020 as an online shop.[21]
In March 2021 Tupperware closed down in the Netherlands.[22]
In August 2022 Tupperware announced it would be leaving the New Zealand market in late 2022.[23]
On November 2, 2022, after publishing quarterly results, the company said its inability to maintain compliance with its credit agreement raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. The stock value dropped more than 40%.[citation needed] In April 2023 the company warned that there is “substantial doubt about the company’s ability to continue as a going concern”. The stock price dropped almost 50% on the same day.[24] On April 11, 2023, Tupperware’s stock value plummeted to $1.30. Although there was a slight recovery the following day, its sliding sales and increasing debt prompt warnings of permanent company closure unless it receives substantial investment.[25]
As of April 2023 Tupperware has 82 countries listed as places they trade.[26] This list is not up-to-date as there have been closures.
Tupperware parties[edit]
A Tupperware party advertisement from the late 1950s
Tupperware is still sold mostly through a party plan, with rewards for hosts and hostesses.[citation needed] In some countries like New Zealand, products can be purchased online without a salesperson. A Tupperware party is run by a Tupperware “consultant” for a host or hostess who invites friends and neighbors into their home to see the product line. Tupperware hosts and hostesses are rewarded with free products based on the level of sales made at their party. Parties also take place in workplaces, schools, and other community groups.
To stay in touch with its sales force, Tupperware published the monthly magazine Tupperware Sparks. The magazine had snapshots of saleswomen posing with awards and recognition for high sales. To avoid spending money on advertising, Tupperware created events that attracted free publicity.[27]
The multi-level marketing strategy adopted by Tupperware has been criticized as manipulative.[28] Statistics released by Tupperware in 2018 showed that 94% of its active distributors remained on the lowest level of the pyramid, with average gross earnings of $653.[29]
In recent years, Tupperware in North America has moved to a new business model which includes more emphasis on direct marketing channels and eliminated its dependency on authorized distributorships. This transition included selling through Target stores in the US and Superstores in Canada with disappointing results. Tupperware states this hurt direct sales.[30] In countries with a strong focus on marketing through parties (such as Germany, Australia, and New Zealand), Tupperware’s market share and profitability continue to decline.[31]
In China, Tupperware products are sold through franchised “entrepreneurial shopfronts”, of which there were 1,900 in 2005, due to pyramid selling laws enacted in 1998.[32][33] The Chinese characters 特百惠 are used as the brand name, and translate as “hundred benefit”.
Gender aspects and cultural influence[edit]
Feminist views vary regarding the Tupperware format of sales through parties and the social and economic role of women portrayed by the Tupperware model. The positive feminist views consider that Tupperware provided work for women who were pregnant or otherwise not guaranteed their position at work due to unequal gender laws in the workplace. The company promoted the betterment of women and the opportunities Tupperware offered women.[6] Opposing views state that the intended gendered product and selling campaign further domesticates women, and keeps their predominant focus on homemaking.[34] The negative view includes the restriction of women to the domestic sphere and limiting the real separation between running the household and a career.[6] The emergence of Tupperware in the American market created a new kind of opportunity for an underrepresented labor demographic: women, especially suburban housewives.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Gold party
Hana Cobi Plastic aka Lock & Lock
Newell Rubbermaid
Tub (container)
References[edit]
^ “Form 10-K Annual Report Filed Feb 22, 2011 (FY 2010)”. Tupperware Inc./SEC Filing. Archived from the original on 2012-07-27.
^ Cochrane, Joe (March 2015). “Tupperware’s Sweet Spot Shifts to Indonesia”. The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
^ “Earl Silas Tupper”. Ideafinder.com. Retrieved 2013-02-28.
^ Ananya Bhattacharya (11 April 2023). “Tupperware’s business is nowhere near as airtight as its containers”. Quartz.
^ Tupperware Documentary, retrieved 2022-10-05
^ Jump up to: a b c Clarke, Allison J. (1999) Tupperware, Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 192–193. ISBN 1560989203.
^ Maurer, Elizabeth (2017). “Social Marketing Before the Internet”. National Women’s History Museum.
^ “Secret History Of: Tupperware”. The Independent. 2010-10-08. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
^ Bax C. (2010). “Entrepreneur Brownie Wise: Selling Tupperware to America’s Women in the 1950s”. Journal of Women’s History. 22 (2): 171–180. doi:10.1353/jowh.0.0159. S2CID 154411167.
^ Wortz, Eleanor Thompson. “Fly Gals of World War II”. Robertson Publishing. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
^ Goudreau, Jenna (February 14, 2011). “The Tupperware Effect, Empowering Women Around The World”. Forbes.
^ “Empowering the Community at Risk: The Partnership of PT Tupperware Indonesia and HOPE worldwide” (PDF). Public Health Institute. October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
^ Jump up to: a b “What is today’s American Dream?”. BBC News. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
^ “Premark International, Inc. | Encyclopedia.com”. www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-10-11.
^ “Party Is over for Tupperware UK”. BBC News. 23 January 2003. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
^ “Tupperware”. tupperware.co.uk.
^ “Did Tupperware Parties Change the Lives of Women?”. BBC News. 10 May 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
^ “Mike Roberts”. LinkedIn. United Kingdom. Retrieved 2013-02-28.
^ Cortese, Amy (July 7, 2007). “Tupperware Freshens Up the Party”. The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
^ חרותי-סובר, טלי (2018-05-17). “טאפרוור עוזבת את ישראל – ו-2,000 מפיצות ללא עבודה”. TheMarker. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
^ “Home”. tupperware.co.il.
^ “No more ‘plastic path to empowerment’: Tupperware party in NL is over”. March 2021.
^ “The famous Kiwi party’s over: Tupperware closes lid on NZ operation”. NZ Herald. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
^ Jordan Valinsky (April 10, 2023). “Tupperware stock plunges after warning it could go out of business”. CNN.
^ “Tupperware: Why the household name could soon be history”. BBC.
^ “Tupperware – Where you can find us – Our Story”. www.tupperwarebrands.com.
^ “Tupperware Home Parties”. PBS. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
^ Richards, Laura. “How MLMs — multilevel marketing schemes — are hurting female friendships”. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
^ “Tupperware Income Disclosure Summary” (PDF). Tupperware. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
^ “Tupperware to End Partnership with Target Stores”. The New York Times. June 19, 2003. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
^ Kilgore, Tomi. “Tupperware matches profit views, sales fall slightly less than expected”. MarketWatch. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
^ Tempest, Rone; Farley, Maggie (April 24, 1998). “China Slams Door on Direct-Sales Firms”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
^ “Tupperware adapts to serve diverse markets”. Plastics News. November 17, 2005. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
^ Vincent, S. (2008). “Preserving Domesticity: Reading Tupperware in Women’s Changing Domestic, Social and Economic Roles”. Canadian Review of Sociology. 40 (2): 171–196. doi:10.1111/j.1755-618X.2003.tb00242.x.
Further reading[edit]
Tupperware: The Promise of Plastic in 1950s America by Alison Clarke, published by the Smithsonian Institution (September 30, 2014), ISBN 1588344363.
Charles Duhigg, “Why Short Sellers Want to Crash the Tupperware Party,” New York Times, November 17, 2006.
Elayne Rapping, “Tupperware and Women”, Radical America, vol. 14, no. 6 (November–December 1980), pp. 39–49.
External links[edit]
Official website
“Tupperware!” Archived 2012-01-22 at the Wayback Machine program from PBS’ American Experience, 2005.
George J. Yarbrough, The Wonderful World of Tupperware. Orlando, FL: United Film Productions, n.d. [c. 1964]. Public Relations film.
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tupperware
Tupperware
Contributors to Wikimedia projects13-16 minutes 2/9/2004
DOI: 10.1353/jowh.0.0159, Show Details
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tupperware
Tupperware Brands Corporation logo.svg
Type Subsidiary
Founded 1946 in Leominster, Massachusetts
Founder Earl Tupper
Products Preparation, storage, serving products for the kitchen and home, and beauty products
Revenue Increase US$2.26 billion (2017)
Number of employees
13,500 (2010)[1]
Parent Tupperware Brands
Website www.tupperware.com
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