.
-as of [13 MARCH 2025]-
.
(), informally the streptophytes
(, from the Greek strepto ‘twisted’, for the morphology of the sperm of some members),
Streptophyta is a clade of plants.
The composition of the clade varies considerably between authors, but the definition employed here includes land plants and all green algae except the Chlorophyta and the more basal Prasinodermophyta.[4]
The composition of Streptophyta and similar groups (Streptophytina, Charophyta) varies in each classification.[5][citation needed] Some authors include only the Charales and Embryophyta (e.g., Streptophyta,[1][6] Streptophytina[3]); others include more groups (e.g., Charophyta,[3][6] Streptophyta,[7][8] Streptobionta[9]); some authors use this broader definition, but exclude the Embryophyta (e.g., Charophyta,[10][8] Charophyceae[citation needed], Streptophycophytes[citation needed]).
The clade Streptophyta includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms. Streptophyta contains the freshwater charophyte green algae and all land plants that reproduce sexually by conjugation. Mesostigma viride, a unicellular green flagellate alga may be a basal Streptophyte.[11][12]
These earlier classifications have not taken into account that the Coleochaetophyceae and the Zygnemophyceae appear to have emerged in the Charophyceae + Embryophyta clade, resulting in the synonymy of the Phragmoplastophyta and Streptophytina/Streptophyta sensu stricto (a.k.a. Adl 2012[6]) nomenclature.[13]
Streptophyta
Charales
Embryophyta
Lewis & McCourt 2004[3]
[edit]
Division Charophyta (charophyte algae and embryophytes)
Class Mesostigmatophyceae (mesostigmatophytes)
Class Chlorokybophyceae (chlorokybophytes)
Class Klebsormidiophyceae (klebsormidiophytes)
Class Zygnemophyceae (conjugates)
Order Zygnematales (filamentous conjugates and saccoderm desmids)
Order Desmidiales (placoderm desmids)
Class Coleochaetophyceae (coleochaetophytes)
Order Coleochaetales
Subdivision Streptophytina
Class Charophyceae (same as the Smith system, 1938)
Order Charales (charophytes sensu stricto)
Class Embryophyceae (embryophytes)
Leliaert et al. 2012[8]
[edit]
Streptophyta
charophytes
Mesostigmatophyceae
Chlorokybophyceae
Klebsormidiophyceae
Charophyceae
Zygnematophyceae
Coleochaetophyceae
Embryophyta (land plants)
Archaeplastida Adl et al. 2005[citation needed]
Chloroplastida Adl et al. 2005 (Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981)
Chlorophyta Pascher 1914, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004[3]
Charophyta Migula 1897,[citation needed] emend. Karol et al. 2009 (Charophyceae Smith 1938, Mattox & Stewart 1984)
Chlorokybus Geitler 1942[citation needed]
Mesostigma Lauterborn 1894[citation needed]
Klebsormidiophyceae van den Hoek et al. 1995[citation needed]
Phragmoplastophyta Lecointre & Guyander 2006[citation needed]
Zygnematophyceae van den Hoek et al. 1995, emend. Hall et al. 2009[citation needed]
Coleochaetophyceae Jeffrey 1982[citation needed]
Streptophyta Jeffrey 1967[1]
Charophyceae Smith 1938, emend. Karol et al. 2009 (Charales Lindley 1836; Charophytae Engler 1887)[citation needed]
Embryophyta Engler 1886, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004[3] (Cormophyta Endlicher 1836; Plantae Haeckel 1866)[citation needed]
Archaeplastida Adl et al. 2005[citation needed]
Chloroplastida Adl et al. 2005[citation needed] (Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981)[citation needed]
Phylum Streptophyta [Charophyta]
Chlorokybus atmophyticus
Mesostigma viridae
Family Klebsomidiophyceae
Class Phragmoplastophyta
Family Zygnemataceae
Order Coleochaetophyceae
Family Characeae
Kingdom Embryophyta
Below is a reconstruction of Streptophyta relationships, based on genomic data.[14][15][16]
Streptofilum, described in 2018,[17] appears to bring in a new branching.[18]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Jeffrey C (1967). “The origin and differentiation of the Archegoniate land plants: A second contribution”. Kew Bull. 21 (2): 335–349. Bibcode:1967KewBu..21..335J. doi:10.2307/4108533. JSTOR 4108533.
^ Sluiman H. J. (1985). “A cladistic evaluation of the lower and higher green plants (Viridiplantae)”. Plant Syst. Evol. 149 (3–4): 217–232. Bibcode:1985PSyEv.149..217S. doi:10.1007/bf00983308. S2CID 19456207.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lewis L.A.; McCourt R.M. (October 2004). “Green algae and the origin of land plants”. American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1535–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. PMID 21652308.
^ Sánchez-Baracaldo, Patricia; Raven, John A.; Pisani, Davide; Knoll, Andrew H. (2017-09-12). “Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats” (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (37): E7737 – E7745. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E7737S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1620089114. PMC 5603991. PMID 28808007.
^ “Die Schwestergruppe der Landpflanzen” The sister group of land plants. www.protisten.de (in German). Retrieved 7 November 2023.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Adl, S.M.; Simpson, A.G.B.; Lane, C.E.; Lukeš, J.; Bass, D.; Bowser, S.S.; Brown, M.W.; Burki, F.; Dunthorn, M mentioned as source without citation.; Hampl, V.; Heiss, A.; Hoppenrath, M.; Lara, E.; le Gall, L.; Lynn, D.H.; McManus, H.; Mitchell, E.A.D.; Mozley-Stanridge, S.E.; Parfrey, L.W.; Pawlowski, J.; Rueckert, S.; Shadwick, L.; Schoch, C.L.; Smirnov, A.; Spiegel, F.W. (2012). “The revised classification of Eukaryotes”. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–514. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Bremer, K. (1985). “Summary of green plant phylogeny and classification”. Cladistics. 1 (4): 369–385. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00434.x. PMID 34965683.
^ Jump up to: a b c Leliaert, Frederik; Smith, David R.; Moreau, Hervé; Herron, Matthew D.; Verbruggen, Heroen; Delwiche, Charles F.; De Clerck, Olivier (2012). “Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of the Green Algae” (PDF). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 31 (1): 1–46. Bibcode:2012CRvPS..31….1L. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705.
^ Kenrick, Paul; Crane, Peter (1997). The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 9781560987291.
^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993). “The origin, losses and gains of chloroplasts.”. Origins of plastids. Springer US. pp. 291–348.
^ Liang, Z; Geng, Y; Ji, C; Du, H; Wong, CE; Zhang, Q; Yu, H (2020). “Mesostigma viride genome and transcriptome provide insights into the origin and evolution of Streptophyta”. Advanced Science. 7 (1). doi:10.1002/advs.2019018501901850 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
^ Nedelcu, AM; Borza, T; Lee, RW (2006). “A land plant–specific multigene family in the unicellular Mesostigma argues for its close relationship to Streptophyta”. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (5): 1011–1015. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj108. PMID 16476689.
^ Lemieux, Claude; Otis, Christian; Turmel, Monique (2016). “Comparative Chloroplast Genome Analyses of Streptophyte Green Algae Uncover Major Structural Alterations in the Klebsormidiophyceae, Coleochaetophyceae and Zygnematophyceae”. Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 697. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00697. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4877394. PMID 27252715.
^ Linzhou Li; Sibo Wang; Hongli Wang; Sunil Kumar Sahu; Birger Marin; Haoyuan Li; Yan Xu; Hongping Liang; Zhen Li; Shifeng Chen; Tanja Reder; Zehra Çebi; Sebastian Wittek; Morten Petersen; Barbara Melkonian; Hongli Du; Huanming Yang; Jian Wang; Gane Ka-Shu Wong; Xun Xu; Xin Liu; Yves Van de Peer; Michael Melkonian; Huan Liu (22 June 2020). “The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants”. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (9): 1220–1231. Bibcode:2020NatEE…4.1220L. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1221-7. PMC 7455551. PMID 32572216.
^ Puttick, Mark N.; Morris, Jennifer L.; Williams, Tom A.; Cox, Cymon J.; Edwards, Dianne; Kenrick, Paul; Pressel, Silvia; Wellman, Charles H.; Schneider, Harald (2018). “The Interrelationships of Land Plants and the Nature of the Ancestral Embryophyte”. Current Biology. 28 (5): 733–745.e2. Bibcode:2018CBio…28E.733P. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.063. hdl:1983/ad32d4da-6cb3-4ed6-add2-2415f81b46da. PMID 29456145.
^ Sánchez-Baracaldo, Patricia; Raven, John A.; Pisani, Davide; Knoll, Andrew H. (2017-09-12). “Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats” (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (37): E7737 – E7745. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E7737S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1620089114. PMC 5603991. PMID 28808007.
^ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. “Streptofilum”. AlgaeBase. University of Galway. Retrieved 2024-08-08.
^ Glass, Sarah E.; McCourt, Richard M.; Gottschalk, Stephen D.; Lewis, Louise A.; Karol, Kenneth G. (2023-08-07). “Chloroplast genome evolution and phylogeny of the early-diverging charophycean green algae with a focus on the Klebsormidiophyceae and Streptofilum”. Journal of Phycology. 59 (6): 1133–1146. Bibcode:2023JPcgy..59.1133G. doi:10.1111/jpy.13359. ISSN 0022-3646. PMID 37548118.
The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view Archived 2010-10-09 at the Wayback Machine
The closest land plants relatives
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Streptophyta
Streptophyta
Contributors to Wikimedia projects9-12 minutes 1/23/2005
DOI: 10.2307/4108533, Show Details
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For an explanation of very similar terms, see Charophyta.
Streptophyta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: CAM
Clade: Archaeplastida
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Streptophyta
Jeffrey 1967,[1] sensu Leliaert et al. 2012
Subdivisions
Klebsormidiophyceae
Phragmoplastophyta
Charophyceae
Coleochaetophyceae
Zygnematophyceae
Embryophyta
Synonyms
Anthocerotophyta Sluiman 1985[2]
Charophyta Migula 1897 sensu Lewis & McCourt 2004;[3] Karol et al. 2009
Streptobionta Kenrick & Crane 1997
.
.
*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
.
.
.
.
.
💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
.
.
*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
.
.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥