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Cosmic Web: walls, filaments, nodes, and voids
Map of the cosmic web generated from a slime mould-inspired algorithm
The organization of structure arguably begins at the stellar level, though most cosmologists rarely address astrophysics on that scale.
Stars are organized into galaxies, which in turn form galaxy groups, galaxy clusters, superclusters, sheets, walls and filaments, which are separated by immense voids, creating a vast foam-like structure[59] sometimes called the “cosmic web”.
Prior to 1989, it was commonly assumed that virialized galaxy clusters were the largest structures in existence, and that they were distributed more or less uniformly throughout the universe in every direction.
However, since the early 1980s, more and more structures have been discovered.
In 1983, Adrian Webster identified the Webster LQG, a large quasar group consisting of 5 quasars.
The discovery was the first identification of a large-scale structure, and has expanded the information about the known grouping of matter in the universe.
In 1987, Robert Brent Tully identified the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, the galaxy filament in which the Milky Way resides.
It is about 1 billion light-years across.
That same year, an unusually large region with a much lower than average distribution of galaxies was discovered, the Giant Void, which measures 1.3 billion light-years across.
Based on redshift survey data, in 1989 Margaret Geller and John Huchra discovered the “Great Wall”,[60] a sheet of galaxies more than 500 million light-years long and 200 million light-years wide, but only 15 million light-years thick.
The existence of this structure escaped notice for so long because it requires locating the position of galaxies in three dimensions, which involves combining location information about the galaxies with distance information from redshifts.
Two years later, astronomers Roger G. Clowes and Luis E. Campusano discovered the Clowes–Campusano LQG, a large quasar group measuring two billion light-years at its widest point, which was the largest known structure in the universe at the time of its announcement.
In April 2003, another large-scale structure was discovered, the Sloan Great Wall.
In August 2007, a possible supervoid was detected in the constellation Eridanus
It coincides with the ‘CMB cold spot’, a cold region in the microwave sky that is highly improbable under the currently favored cosmological model.
This supervoid could cause the cold spot, but to do so it would have to be improbably big, possibly a billion light-years across, almost as big as the Giant Void mentioned above.
Unsolved problem in physics
The largest structures in the universe are larger than expected.
Are these actual structures or random density fluctuations?
More unsolved problems in physics
Computer simulated image of an area of space more than 50 million light-years across, presenting a possible large-scale distribution of light sources in the universe—precise relative contributions of galaxies and quasars are unclear
Another large-scale structure is the SSA22 Protocluster, a collection of galaxies and enormous gas bubbles that measures about 200 million light-years across.
In 2011, a large quasar group was discovered, U1.11, measuring about 2.5 billion light-years across.
On January 11, 2013, another large quasar group, the Huge-LQG, was discovered, which was measured to be four billion light-years across, the largest known structure in the universe at that time
In November 2013, astronomers discovered the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall,[63][64] an even bigger structure twice as large as the former
It was defined by the mapping of gamma-ray bursts
-In 2021, the American Astronomical Society announced the detection of the Giant Arc; a crescent-shaped string of galaxies that span 3.3 billion light years in length, located 9.2 billion light years from Earth in the constellation Boötes from observations captured by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey-
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👈👈👈☜*-THE [OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE]-* ☞ 👉👉👉
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