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-as of [29 AUGUST 2025]- . (when ‘energy’ passes…) (…as ‘work’ / as ‘heat’ / with ‘matter’…) (…’into’ / ‘out from’ a ‘system’…) (…the system’s ‘internal energy’ changes in […]

-as of [29 AUGUST 2025]- . -ESTABLISHED IN THE [1930s]- . (in addition, there is conventionally added a “zeroth law”, which defines ‘thermal equilibrium’…) (if 2 […]

. -as of [29 AUGUST 2025]– . “0TH LAW” “1ST LAW” “2ND LAW” “3RD LAW” . -the 4 laws of thermodynamics define the physical quantities (‘temperature / ‘energy’ / […]

-as of [24 AUGUST 2025]- . “IF 2 [BODIES] EXERT [FORCES] ON EACH OTHER, THESE [FORCES] HAVE THE SAME [MAGNITUDE] BUT OPPOSITE [DIRECTIONS]” . Newton’s […]

-as of [24 AUGUST 2025]- . “AT ANY [INSTANT] OF [TIME], THE [NET FORCE] ON A [BODY] IS EQUAL TO THE BODY’S [ACCELERATION] MULTIPLIED BY […]

-as of [24 AUGUST 2025]- . “A [BODY] REMAINS AT [REST] (OR IN [MOTION] AT A CONSTANT [SPEED] IN A [STRAIGHT LINE]) UNLESS IT IS […]

. -as of [2 APRIL 2026]- . -iSAAC NEWTON- -NEWTONIAN “GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT”- . -“MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES” OF “NATURAL PHILOSOPHY”- *latin title* —>(the academic “lingua franca” of […]

-as of [23 AUGUST 2025]- . -THE [AMPERE]- . -NUMBERS ARE NOT “ASSIGNED” TO “AMPERAGES” IN THE SAME WAY THAT NUMBERS ARE ASSIGNED TO “VOLTAGES” […]

-as of [23 AUGUST 2025]- . -NUMBERING SYSTEM IS “ARBITRARY”- , -NEMA 5- (STANDARD HOUSEHOLD OUTLET) “GROUNDED”(3 PRONGS) . *MAXIMUM VOLTAGE* —> -[125 VOLTS]- . […]

. -as of [23 AUGUST 2025]- . . -[FORCE] IS MEASURED IN [NEWTONS]- -[ELECTRIC CHARGE] IS MEASURED IN [COULOMBS]- -[DISTANCE] IS MEASURED IN [METERS]- . […]