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‘hindi’ ‘devanagari’ –> हिन्दी,  ‘IAST’ –> Hindī OR ‘modern standard hindi’ ‘devanagari’ –> मानक हिन्दी,  IAST –> Mānak Hindī) . (‘hindi’ is a standardized (+ ‘sanskritized’) register of the ‘hindustani language’) . Hindi, […]

*HINDI* . *AKA* –> “KAURAVI” “DELHAVI” . (‘khariboli’ is the ‘prestige dialect’ of ‘hindustani’, of which ‘standard hindi’ + ‘standard urdu’ are ‘standard registers’ + […]

“KHARIBOLI” . (Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी Urdu: ہندوستانی, also known as  Hindi-Urdu  historically also known as Hindavi, Dehlavi and Rekhta, (‘hindustani’  is the lingua franca of Northern India and ‘pakistan’) It is an Indo-Aryan language, […]

___*AKA*___ *modern standard mandarin* . *standard mandarin*  . *Modern Standard Mandarin Chinese* (MSMC) . (or simply mandarin) . *’standard chinese’ is a standard variety of ‘chinese’ that […]

“STANDARD CHINESE” . /ˈmændərɪn/ ‘simplified chinese’ –> 官话 ‘traditional chinese’ –> 官話 ‘pinyin’ –> guānhuà . *literally ‘speech of officials’* . [‘mandarin’ is a group […]

“MANDARIN CHINESE” . *AKA* –> “CHINESE” . *a branch of the ‘sino-tibetan language family’ consisting of hundreds of local language varieties, many of which are […]

*WIKILINK*– “THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE”– (the east slavic languages constitute 1 of 3 regional subgroups of ‘slavic languages’, currently spoken throughout ‘eastern europe’, ‘northern asia’, and […]

*WIKILINK*– “EAST SLAVIC LANGUAGES”– (the slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) are the Indo-European languages spoken by the ‘slavic peoples’) They are thought to descend from a […]

. “SLAVIC LANGUAGES” . *the balto-slavic languages are a branch of the ‘indo-european family’ of languages* . (it traditionally comprises the ‘baltic’ and ‘slavic’ languages) […]

“THE FRENCH LANGUAGE” . (/ˈdɔɪ(l) / dɔːˈiːl/ French: [lɑ̃ɡdɔjl] English: oïl languages . (the langues d’oïl are a ‘dialect continuum’ that includes ‘standard french’and its […]