*wiki-pic*
-as of [1 may 2019]-
.
-as of [23 AUGUST 2025]-
.
-1927-
-PROPOSED BY [LEMAÎTRE]–
-AGE 33-
.
(12 YEARS AFTER [EINSTEIN] PRESENTED HIS “GENERAL RELATIVITY” THEORY)
.
(8 YEARS AFTER [EINSTEIN] WAS PROVEN RIGHT)
.
(HE PRESENTED HIS IDEAS TO EINSTEIN, WHO INITIALLY DISMISSED THEM)
-AGE 48-
.
-1929-
(2 YEARS LATER, [HUBBLE] DISCOVERED THAT UNIVERSE WAS EXPANDING)
-AGE 40-
(AND EINSTEIN ACCEPTED THE THEORY)
-AGE 50-
.
-1955-
-DEATH OF [EINSTEIN]-
-AGE 76-
.
(DISCOVERED IN 1965)
–[LEMAÎTRE] DIED IN 1966-
.
-[13.7 BILLION] YEARS AGO-
-infinite [density]–
-infinite [temperature]–
(going backwards in [time] according to [general relativity])
(but how do you know how to track “time” backwards on the “2D spacetime manifold” that never begins nor ends?)
-“planck time” is the smallest unit of “time”-
-“planck time” is the amount of time it takes for “light” to travel the “planck length”-
.
-the “planck epoch” is the earliest stage of universe-
-lasting 1 “planck time”-
-where “general relativity” breaks down + “quantum field theory” takes over-
(this is where “quantum gravity” needs to get involved for things to make sense)
(during this “epoch”, the [4 fundamental forces] existed in a single unified “force”)
.
-the “grand unification” epoch-
-this begins when “gravity” separates from the other 3 forces-
-via “symmetry breaking”, the “strong force” separates from the other 2 forces-
(because of cooling temperatures)
(due to “universal expansion” + “conservation of energy”)
(same amount of “energy” over more “space”)
-the “grand unification epoch” ended approximately 10−36 seconds after the “big bang”-
-the “phase transition” kicks off “cosmic inflation”-
-universe rapidly expands-
-once the “strong force” separates, the “electroweak epoch” begins-
-once the “weak force” separates, the “quark epoch” begins-
-the quark epoch ended when the universe was about 10−6 seconds old, when the average energy of particle interactions had fallen below the binding energy of hadrons-
-the following period, when quarks became confined within hadrons, is known as the “hadron epoch”-
-“matter” vs “antimatter”-
-[protons/neutrons] are formed from [quarks]-
.
*1-SECOND MARK* —>
“neutrino decoupling”
(“neutrinos” stop interacting with [protons/neutrons/electrons] + form the “cosmic neutrino background”)
“primordial black holes”
(???)
-after 2 minutes, conditions are suitable for “nucleo-synthesis”-
-creating “heavier elements”-
-after 20 minutes, the universe cooled to the point that “nucleosynthesis” was no longer possible-
-however, it is still too hot for “neutral atoms” to exist or “photons” to travel any distance-
“OPAQUE PLASMA”
.
-“RECOMBINATION EPOCH” STARTED AFTER [18,000 YEARS]-
-[ELECTRONS] INTERACT WITH “HELIUM NUCLEI” (2 PROTONS) TO FORM [+1 HELIUM IONS]-
-[ELECTRONS/PROTONS] CREATE NEUTRAL [HYDROGEN ATOMS]-
.
-AFTER [47,000 YEARS], [MATTER] BECAME MORE IMPORTANT THAN [RADIATION]-
.
-AFTER [100,000 YEARS], THE FIRST “CHEMICAL BOND” IS FORMED-
“HELIUM HYDRIDE”
.
-YEAR [380,000]-
-AFTER [380,000 YEARS], TEMPERATURE COOLS TO THE POINT THAT “PHOTONS” CAN TRAVEL FREELY-
-THIS IS WHAT WE CAN STILL SEE IN THE “COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND”-
.
“COSMIC DARK AGES”
-UNIVERSE FILLED WITH NEUTRAL HYDROGEN ATOMS-
-LIGHT COULD NOT TRAVEL FREELY-
.
-YEAR [100.000,000]-
“YEAR 100 MILLION”
-“HELIUM HYDRIDE” INTERACTS WITH “HYDROGEN ATOMS” TO FORM THE FIRST “STARS” OUT OF “MOLECULAR HYDROGEN” (H2)-
(A RESULT OF “UNIVERSAL COOLING”)
(WHICH IS ITSELF CAUSED BY “UNIVERSAL EXPANSION”)
“COSMIC DAWN”
-“GRAVITY” PULLS TOGETHER THE DENSEST REGIONS OF [HYDROGEN/HELIUM]-
-ONCE THEIR CORES BECOME [HOT/DENSE] ENOUGH, “NUCLEAR FUSION” BEGINS-
-THE [HEAT] PROVIDES [KINETIC ENERGY] TO OVERCOME THE “MUTUAL ELECTRICAL REPULSION” OF [ATOMIC NUCLEI]-
(SINCE THEY ALL CONTAIN POSITIVELY-CHARGED PROTONS)
-THE [DENSITY] INCREASES THE RATE OF “ATOMIC NUCLEI” COLLISION-
-WHEN THEY GET CLOSE ENOUGH, THE “STRONG FORCE” BINDS THEM TOGETHER-
-ENERGY IS RELEASED-
-WHICH SUSTAINS FURTHER [NUCLEAR FUSION]-
.
-YEAR [700,000,000]-
(700 MILLION)
-FORMATION OF THE [LOCAL GROUP]–
.
-YEAR [800,000,000]-
(800 MILLION)
-FORMATION OF THE [MILKY WAY]–
.
-YEAR [8,000,000,000]-
(8 BILLION)
-FORMATION OF THE [ORION ARM]–
.
-YEAR [9,300,000,000]-
(9.3 BILLION)
-FORMATION OF THE [“SOLAR SYSTEM” / “SUN” / “EARTH” / “MOON”]-
.
-YEAR [13,700,000,000]-
(13.7 BILLION)
-FORMATION OF [LOCAL INTERSTELLAR CLOUD]–
-FORMATION OF [LOCAL BUBBLE]–
-FORMATION OF [VIRGO SUPERCLUSTER]–
-FORMATION OF [LANIAKEA SUPERCLUSTER]–
.
-YEAR [13,800,000,000]-
(13.8 BILLION)
-THE PRESENT-
.
-the [big bang theory] is the prevailing [cosmological description] of the [development] of the [universe]–
.
(under this theory, ‘space’ + ‘time’ emerged together 13.799±0.021 billion years ago with a fixed amount of ‘energy’ + ‘matter’ that has become less ‘dense’ as the ‘universe’ has expanded)
(“…falling further and further behind…”)
.
(after the initial ‘expansion’, the ‘universe’ cooled, allowing the first ‘sub-atomic particles’ to form – which created simple ‘atoms’)
.
[giant ‘clouds’ later merged through ‘gravity’ to form…]
‘stars’
‘galaxies’
(…and everything else ‘seen’ today!)
.
.
.
*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
.
.
.
.
.
.
💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
.
.
*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
.
.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥