*wiki-pic*
-as of [4 february 2026]-
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-as of [25 JULY 2026]-
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“THE [BIG BANG]”
-[13.7 BILLION] YEARS AGO-
-infinite [density]–
-infinite [temperature]–
(going backwards in [time] according to [general relativity])
(but how do you know how to track “time” backwards on the “2D spacetime manifold” that never begins nor ends?)
–“planck time” is the smallest unit of “time”-
-“planck time” is the amount of time it takes for “light” to travel the “planck length”-
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1
-[PLANCK] EPOCH–
“GRAVITY/STRONG/WEAK/EM”
2
-[GRAND UNIFICATION] EPOCH-
-“GRAVITY” + “STRONG/WEAK/EM”-
3
-[ELECTRO-WEAK] EPOCH-
“GRAVITY” + “STRONG” + “WEAK/EM”
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-INFLATION-
(“SPACE” EXPANDS FASTER THAN “SPEED OF LIGHT”)
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4
-[QUARK] EPOCH-
“GRAVITY” + “STRONG” + WEAK” + “EM”
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5
-[HADRON] EPOCH-
“QUARK BINDING” CREATES “HADRONS”
(PROTONS/NEUTRONS)
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6
-[LEPTON] EPOCH-
-[HADRONS] + [ANTI-HADRONS] ANNIHILATE EACH OTHER-
-LEAVING A FEW [PROTONS/NEUTRONS]-
-DOMINATED BY [LEPTONS]-
(ELECTRONS/NEUTRINOS)
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1
“PLANCK EPOCH”
-[5.391247 × 10⁻⁴⁴] SECOND-
-the “planck epoch” is the earliest stage of universe-
-lasting 1 “planck time”-
-where “general relativity” breaks down + “quantum field theory” takes over-
(this is where “quantum gravity” needs to get involved for things to make sense)
(during this “epoch”, the [4 fundamental forces] existed in a single unified “force”)
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2
-“GRAND UNIFICATION” EPOCH-
-[10⁻36] SECOND-
-this begins when “gravity” separates from the other 3 forces-
(because of cooling temperatures)
(due to “universal expansion” + “conservation of energy”)
(same amount of “energy” over more “space”)
-the “grand unification epoch” ended approximately 10−36 seconds after the “big bang”-
-IT LASTS ~ [10 MILLION “PLANCK TIMES”]-
-the “phase transition” kicks off “cosmic inflation”-
-universe rapidly expands-
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3
-“ELECTRO-WEAK” EPOCH-
-once the “strong force” separates, the “electroweak epoch” begins-
-via “symmetry breaking”, the “strong force” separates from the other 2 forces-
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4
-“QUARK” EPOCH-
-once the “weak force” separates, the “quark epoch” begins-
-the quark epoch ended when the universe was about 10−6 seconds old, when the average energy of particle interactions had fallen below the binding energy of hadrons-
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5
-the following period, when quarks became confined within hadrons, is known as the “hadron epoch”-
-“matter” vs “antimatter”-
-[protons/neutrons] are formed from [quarks]-
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*1-SECOND MARK* —>
“neutrino decoupling”
(“neutrinos” stop interacting with [protons/neutrons/electrons] + form the “cosmic neutrino background”)
“primordial black holes”
(???)
-after 2 minutes, conditions are suitable for “nucleo-synthesis”-
-creating “heavier elements”-
-after 20 minutes, the universe cooled to the point that “nucleosynthesis” was no longer possible-
-however, it is still too hot for “neutral atoms” to exist or “photons” to travel any distance-
“OPAQUE PLASMA”
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-“RECOMBINATION EPOCH” STARTED AFTER [18,000 YEARS]-
-[ELECTRONS] INTERACT WITH “HELIUM NUCLEI” (2 PROTONS) TO FORM [+1 HELIUM IONS]-
-[ELECTRONS/PROTONS] CREATE NEUTRAL [HYDROGEN ATOMS]-
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-AFTER [47,000 YEARS], [MATTER] BECAME MORE IMPORTANT THAN [RADIATION]-
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-AFTER [100,000 YEARS], THE FIRST “CHEMICAL BOND” IS FORMED-
“HELIUM HYDRIDE”
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-YEAR [380,000]-
-AFTER [380,000 YEARS], TEMPERATURE COOLS TO THE POINT THAT “PHOTONS” CAN TRAVEL FREELY-
-THIS IS WHAT WE CAN STILL SEE IN THE “COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND”-
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“COSMIC DARK AGES”
-UNIVERSE FILLED WITH NEUTRAL HYDROGEN ATOMS-
-LIGHT COULD NOT TRAVEL FREELY-
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-YEAR [100.000,000]-
“YEAR 100 MILLION”
-“HELIUM HYDRIDE” INTERACTS WITH “HYDROGEN ATOMS” TO FORM THE FIRST “STARS” OUT OF “MOLECULAR HYDROGEN” (H2)-
(A RESULT OF “UNIVERSAL COOLING”)
(WHICH IS ITSELF CAUSED BY “UNIVERSAL EXPANSION”)
“COSMIC DAWN”
-“GRAVITY” PULLS TOGETHER THE DENSEST REGIONS OF [HYDROGEN/HELIUM]-
-ONCE THEIR CORES BECOME [HOT/DENSE] ENOUGH, “NUCLEAR FUSION” BEGINS-
-THE [HEAT] PROVIDES [KINETIC ENERGY] TO OVERCOME THE “MUTUAL ELECTRICAL REPULSION” OF [ATOMIC NUCLEI]-
(SINCE THEY ALL CONTAIN POSITIVELY-CHARGED PROTONS)
-THE [DENSITY] INCREASES THE RATE OF “ATOMIC NUCLEI” COLLISION-
-WHEN THEY GET CLOSE ENOUGH, THE “STRONG FORCE” BINDS THEM TOGETHER-
-ENERGY IS RELEASED-
-WHICH SUSTAINS FURTHER [NUCLEAR FUSION]-
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-YEAR [700,000,000]-
-YEAR [700 MILLION]-
-FORMATION OF THE [LOCAL GROUP]–
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-YEAR [800,000,000]-
-YEAR [800 MILLION]-
-FORMATION OF THE [MILKY WAY]–
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-YEAR [8,000,000,000]-
-YEAR [8 BILLION]-
-FORMATION OF THE [ORION ARM]–
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-YEAR [9,300,000,000]-
-YEAR [9.3 BILLION]-
-FORMATION OF THE [“SOLAR SYSTEM” / “SUN” / “EARTH” / “MOON”]-
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-YEAR [13,700,000,000]-
-YEAR [13.7 BILLION]-
-FORMATION OF [LOCAL INTERSTELLAR CLOUD]–
-FORMATION OF [LOCAL BUBBLE]–
-FORMATION OF [VIRGO SUPERCLUSTER]–
-FORMATION OF [LANIAKEA SUPERCLUSTER]–
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-YEAR [13,800,000,000]-
-[13.8] BILLION YEARS-
“THE (RELATIVE) PRESENT”
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-1543-
-[HELIO-CENTRIC] THEORY-
-[EARTH] REVOLVES AROUND [SUN]-
-AGE 70-
(RIGHT BEFORE HE CROAKED)
-POLISH SCIENTIST-
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-1609-
–[KEPLER] CONCLUDES [EARTH] REVOLVES AROUND [SUN] IN AN [ELLIPTICAL ORBIT]-
-3 [LAWS] OF [PLANETARY MOTION]-
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-1687-
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-1900-
-AGE 42-
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-1905-
-AGE 26-
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-1915-
-AGE 36-
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-1919-
-29 MAY 1919-
-PROOF OF [GENERAL RELATIVITY]–
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-1926-
-THE [SCHRODINGER EQUATION]–
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-1927-
-THE “BIG BANG” THEORY-
-PROPOSED BY [LEMAÎTRE]–
-AGE 33-
(12 YEARS AFTER [EINSTEIN] PRESENTED HIS “GENERAL RELATIVITY” THEORY)
(8 YEARS AFTER [EINSTEIN] WAS PROVEN RIGHT)
(HE PRESENTED HIS IDEAS TO EINSTEIN, WHO INITIALLY DISMISSED THEM)
-AGE 48-
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-1928-
-THE [DIRAC EQUATION]–
-S”CHRODINGER EQUATION” + “SPECIAL RELATIVITY”-
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-1929-
(2 YEARS LATER, [HUBBLE] DISCOVERED THAT UNIVERSE WAS EXPANDING)
-AGE 40-
(AND EINSTEIN ACCEPTED THE THEORY)
-AGE 50-
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-1953-
-1953-
-DEATH OF [HUBBLE]-
-AGE 63-
-CEREBRAL THROMBOSIS-
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-1955-
-DEATH OF [EINSTEIN]-
-AGE 76-
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-1965-
-DISCOVERY OF COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND–
*arno allan penzias* —>
(1933 – 2024)
(jewish astronomer)
(born in nazi germany)
(escaped to “the bronx” in 1940)
(discovered CMB at [age 32])
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-1966-
-DEATH OF [LEMAÎTRE]–
-AGE 71-
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-1998-
-[ACCELERATING EXPANSION] OF [UNIVERSE]-
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-2024-
-DEATH OF “PENZIAS”-
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-the [big bang theory] is the prevailing [cosmological description] of the [development] of the [universe]–
(under this theory, ‘space’ + ‘time’ emerged together 13.799±0.021 billion years ago with a fixed amount of ‘energy’ + ‘matter’ that has become less ‘dense’ as the ‘universe’ has expanded)
(“…falling further and further behind…”)
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(after the initial “expansion”, the [universe] cooled, allowing the first ‘sub-atomic particles’ to form – which created simple “atoms”)
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[giant “clouds” later merged through “gravity” to form…]
-STARS-
-GALAXIES-
(…and everything else “seen” today!)
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*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥