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-as of [12 MAY 2025]–
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-an atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary ‘matter’ that has the properties of a ‘chemical element’-
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*DIAMETER* —>
The diameter of an atom is typically between 0.1 and 0.5 nanometers, or $1 \times 10^{-10}$ to $5 \times 10^{-10}$ meters.
This size varies depending on the element, with the size changing across and down the periodic table, and an atom’s exact diameter is difficult to measure because it lacks a definite boundary
General range: A typical atom’s diameter is in the range of $0.1$ to $0.5$ nanometers. [1, 2, 3]
Element variation: The size is not constant and varies by element. For example, a hydrogen atom is about $0.1$ nm, while a uranium atom is around $0.3$ nm. [2, 5]
Periodic table trends: Atomic size generally increases as you move down a group and decreases as you move across a period on the periodic table. [2, 6]
Measurement challenges: It’s hard to define a precise atomic diameter because atoms don’t have a hard edge. The outermost electrons’ positions are uncertain, so the size is often estimated based on the distance between nuclei in a bond. [2, 4, 7, 8]
AI responses may include mistakes.
[1] https://hypertextbook.com/facts/1996/MichaelPhillip.shtml
[2] https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-diameter-of-an-atom
[3] https://nanosense.sri.com/activities/sizematters/sizeandscale/SM_Lesson2Student.pdf
[4] https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Atomic_Radii
[5] https://www.facebook.com/thedoctorpreneuracademy/videos/the-size-of-an-atom-is-usually-measured-in-picometers-pm-where-1-pm-10%C2%B9%C2%B2-meters-/1571040090215880/
[6] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hePb00CqvP0
[7] https://shop.leeversfoods.com/Textbook/50pnFD/423631/atomic_radius_of_an_atom.pdf
[8] https://www.vaia.com/en-us/textbooks/chemistry/chemistry-13-edition/chapter-8/problem-33-define-atomic-radius-does-the-size-of-an-atom-hav/
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(every ‘solid’, ‘liquid’, ‘gas’, and ‘plasma’ is composed of ‘neutral’ or ‘ionized’ atoms)
(‘atoms’ are very small)
(typical sizes are around 100 ‘picometers’ (a ’10-billionth’ of a ‘meter’, in the ‘short scale’))
(‘atoms’ are small enough that attempting to predict their behavior using ‘classical physics’ – as if they were ‘billiard balls’, for example – gives noticeably incorrect predictions due to ‘quantum effects’)
(through the development of ‘physics’, atomic models have incorporated ‘quantum principles’ to better explain and predict the behavior)
(every ‘atom’ is composed of a ‘nucleus’ and one or more ‘electrons’ bound to the ‘nucleus’)
(the ‘nucleus’ is made of one or more ‘protons’ and typically a similar number of ‘neutrons’)
(‘protons’ and ‘neutrons’ are called ‘nucleons’)
(more than 99.94% of an atom’s mass is in the ‘nucleus’)
(the ‘protons’ have a ‘positive’ electric charge, the electrons have a ‘negative’ electric charge, and the ‘neutrons’ have no ‘electric charge’)
(if the number of ‘protons’ and ‘electrons’ are equal, that atom is electrically ‘neutral’)
(if an ‘atom’ has more or fewer ‘electrons’ than ‘protons’, then it has an overall ‘negative’ or ‘positive’ charge, respectively, and it is called an ‘ion’)
(the ‘electrons’ of an atom are attracted to the ‘protons’ in an ‘atomic nucleus’ by this ‘electromagnetic force’)
(the ‘protons’ and ‘neutrons’ in the ‘nucleus’ are attracted to each other by a different force, the ‘nuclear force’, which is usually stronger than the ‘electromagnetic force’ repelling the positively-charged ‘protons’ from one another)
(under certain circumstances the repelling ‘electromagnetic force’ becomes stronger than the ‘nuclear force’, and ‘nucleons’ can be ejected from the ‘nucleus’, leaving behind a different element: ‘nuclear decay’ resulting in ‘nuclear transmutation’)
(the number of ‘protons’ in the nucleus defines to what ‘chemical element’ the atom belongs: for example, all ‘copper’ atoms contain 29 ‘protons’)
(the number of ‘neutrons’ defines the ‘isotope’ of the element)
(the number of ‘electrons’ influences the ‘magnetic’ properties of an ‘atom’)
(‘atoms’ can attach to one or more other atoms by ‘chemical bonds’ to form ‘chemical compounds’ such as ‘molecules’)
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(the ability of ‘atoms’ to ‘associate’ + ‘dissociate’ is responsible for most of the ‘physical changes’ observed in ‘nature’ + is the subject of the discipline of ‘chemistry’)
(miniature solar systems?)
(‘planets’ orbit ‘sun’ <–> ‘electrons’ orbit ‘nucleus’)
(will i ever be ‘back in orbit’ again?)
(according to ‘bohr model’)
*NOT according to the ‘laws’ of ‘quantum mechanics’*
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*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥*we won the war* 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥