"human evolutionary fossils"

“THE OMO REMAINS”

.

“PEȘTERA CU OASE”

(romanian cave)

*(1 of) the earliest ‘early modern human remains’ in ‘europe’*

(discovered by a ‘speleo-logical team’)
(“the study of caves”)

.

*as of ’12 february 2021’*

List of human evolution fossils

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The following tables give an overview of notable finds of hominin fossils and remains relating to human evolution, beginning with the formation of the tribe Hominini (the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages) in the late Miocene, roughly 7 to 8 million years ago.

As there are thousands of fossils, mostly fragmentary, often consisting of single bones or isolated teeth with complete skulls and skeletons rare, this overview is not complete, but show some of the most important findings. The fossils are arranged by approximate age as determined by radiometric dating and/or incremental dating and the species name represents current consensus; if there is no clear scientific consensus the other possible classifications are indicated.

The early fossils shown are not considered ancestors to Homo sapiens but are closely related to ancestors and are therefore important to the study of the lineage. After 1.5 million years ago (extinction of Paranthropus), all fossils shown are human (genus Homo). After 11,500 years ago (11.5 ka, beginning of the Holocene), all fossils shown are Homo sapiens (anatomically modern humans), illustrating recent divergence in the formation of modern human sub-populations.

Contents

Late Miocene (7.2–5.5 million years old)[edit]

Further information: Chimpanzee–human last common ancestorArdipithecusSahelanthropusHomininae, and Hominini

The chimpanzee–human divergence likely took place during about 10 to 7 million years ago.[1] The list of fossils begins with Graecopithecus, dated some 7.2 million years ago, which may or may not still be ancestral to both the human and the chimpanzee lineage. For the earlier history of the human lineage, see Timeline of human evolution#Hominidae, Hominidae#Phylogeny.

ImageNameAge (Ma)SpeciesYear
discovered
CountryDiscovered byNow located at
 El Graeco7.20Graecopithecus freybergi2017 (1944)Greece, Bulgaria
Site:Pyrgos Vassilissis, Azmaka
Böhme (Tübingen), Spassov (BAS)Met, Athens; Tübingen, Germany
 TM 266 (Toumai)7.00-6.00[2]Sahelanthropus tchadensis2001Chad
Site:Djurab Desert
Michel Brunet, Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta DjimdoumalbayeN’Djamena (Chad), BEAC
 BAR 1000’006.1 – 5.7[3]Orrorin tugenensis2000Kenya
Site:Lukeino
Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut,
 Trachilos footprints5.7Made by hominin or hominin-like primate2002GreeceGerard D. Gierliński 
 ALA-VP 1/20[4]5.65±0.150Ardipithecus kadabba1997Ethiopia
Site:Middle Awash
Yohannes Haile-Selassie 

Pliocene (5.3–2.58 million years old)[edit]

Further information: KenyanthropusAustralopithecus, and Paranthropus

ImageNameAge (Ma)SpeciesYear
discovered
CountryDiscovered byNow located at
 Ardi4.40[5]Ardipithecus ramidus1994EthiopiaYohannes Haile-Selassie 
 Lothagam mandible (KNM-LT 329)[6]4.60±0.40[7]Australopithecus anamensis or undetermined Hominidae1967KenyaArnold Lewis,[8] Bryan Patterson[9][10][11] 
 KNM-TH 131504.70±0.55[12]Australopithecus anamensis1984KenyaKiptalam Cheboi[9] 
 KNM-KP 2714.00[13]Australopithecus anamensis1965Kanapoi, KenyaBryan Patterson[9] 
 Laetoli Footprints3.70Bipedal hominin1976TanzaniaMary Leakey 
 LH 43.40±0.50Australopithecus afarensis1974LaetoliTanzaniaMary Leakey[14] 
 KSD-VP-1/1 (Kadanuumuu)3.58Australopithecus afarensis2005EthiopiaYohannes Haile-Selassie 
 KT-12/H1 (Abel)3,50Australopithecus bahrelghazali1995ChadMamelbaye Tomalta and Michel BrunetN’Djamena (Chad), BEAC
 KNM-WT 40000 (Flat Faced Man)[15]3,50Kenyanthropus platyops1999Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana), KenyaJustus Erus and Meave Leakey[16] 
 BRT-VP-3/143.40±0.10Australopithecus deyiremeda2015EthiopiaYohannes Haile-Selassie[17] 
 Stw 573 (Little foot)3.67Australopithecus prometheus(?)1994SterkfonteinSouth AfricaRonald J. Clarke 
 DIK-1 (Selam)3.30Australopithecus afarensis2000EthiopiaZeresenay Alemseged 
 AL 288-1 (Lucy)3.20Australopithecus afarensis1974EthiopiaTom Gray, Donald JohansonYves Coppens and Maurice TaiebNational Museum of Ethiopia
 AL 200-13.10±0.10Australopithecus afarensis1975Afar RegionEthiopiaDonald Johanson Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb 
 AL 129-13.10±0.10Australopithecus afarensis1973Afar RegionEthiopiaDonald Johanson 
 AL 444-2[18]3.00Australopithecus afarensis1992Afar RegionEthiopiaYoel Rak 
[19]LD 350-12.775±0.025[20]Homo(?)2013EthiopiaChalachew Seyoum 
 Taung Child 13.03 – 2.61Australopithecus africanus1924Buxton-Norlim Limeworks, South AfricaRaymond DartUniversity of the Witwatersrand

Pleistocene[edit]

Lower Paleolithic: 2.58–0.3 million years old[edit]

Further information: AustralopithecusParanthropusHomo, and Homo erectus

 NameAge (Ma)SpeciesDate
discovered
CountryDiscovered byNow located at
 KNM-WT 17000
(The Black Skull)
2.50Paranthropus aethiopicus1985KenyaAlan Walker 
 BOU-VP-12/130[21]2.50Australopithecus garhi1997EthiopiaYohannes Haile-Selassie 
 STS 71[22]2.61 -2.07Australopithecus africanus1947SterkfonteinSouth AfricaRobert Broom and John T. RobinsonDitsong National Museum of Natural History
 STS 522.61 – 2.07Australopithecus africanus1947SterkfonteinSouth AfricaRobert BroomDitsong National Museum of Natural History
 UR 501 (Uraha jawbone)2.40±0.10Homo rudolfensis[23]1991MalawiTyson Msiska, Timothy Bromage, Friedemann Schrenk 
 STS 5 (Mrs. Ples)
(STS 14)[24]
2.07[25]Australopithecus africanus1947SterkfonteinSouth AfricaRobert BroomDitsong National Museum of Natural History
 DNH 134 (Simon)[26]2.04[26]Homo erectus2015Drimolen ,Drimolen Main Quarry, South AfricaAndy Herries’ team (excavated by Richard Curtis, Andy Herries, Angeline Leece; reconstructed by Jesse Martin)University of the Witwatersrand
 Wushan Man2.04 – 2[27]Homo erectus1985Longgupo, Zhenlongping Village, Miaoyu Town of Wushan County[28] Three Gorges Museum
 DNH 155[29]2.04-1.95Paranthropus robustus2018Drimolen Main Quarry, South AfricaAndy Herries and Stephanie Bakers team (first found by Samantha Good and excavated by Samantha Good, Angeline Leece, Stephanie Baker and Andy Herries; reconstructed by Jesse Martin)University of the Witwatersrand
 DNH 152 [26](Khethi)2.04-1.95[26]Paranthropus robustus2018Drimolen Main Quarry, South AfricaAndy Herries’ and Stephanie Baker’s team (first part found by Khethi Nkosi. later parts by Amber Jaeger, Eunice Lalunio; reconstructed by Jesse Martin & Angeline Leece)University of the Witwatersrand
 DNH 7
(Eurydice)
[30]
2.04 – 1.95[26]Paranthropus robustus1994Drimolen, Drimolen Main Quarry, South AfricaR. Smith and André KeyserUniversity of the Witwatersrand
 TM 1517[31]unknownParanthropus robustus1938South AfricaGert TerblancheDitsong National Museum of Natural History
 MH1 (Karabo)[32][33]1.98[34]Australopithecus sediba2008MalapaSouth AfricaLee R. BergerUniversity of the Witwatersrand
 KNM-ER 18131.90Homo habilis1973KenyaKamoya Kimeu 
 KNM-ER 14701.90Homo rudolfensis1972KenyaBernard Ngeneo[35] 
 SK 482.25 – 1.80Paranthropus robustus1948SwartkransSouth AfricaRobert BroomDitsong National Museum of Natural History
 SK 46[36]2.25 – 1.80Paranthropus robustus1949SwartkransSouth AfricaRobert BroomDitsong National Museum of Natural History
 SK 847[37]2.25 -1.80Homo habilis1949SwartkransSouth Africa Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
 OH 24
(Twiggy)
[38]
1.80Homo habilis1968TanzaniaPeter Nzube 
 OH 8[39]1.80Homo habilis1960OlduvaiTanzania  
 D2700 (Dmanisi Skull 3)1.81±0.40[40]Homo erectus2001DmanisiGeorgiaDavid Lordkipanidze and Abesalom Vekua 
 D3444 (Dmanisi Skull 4)1.81±0.40Homo erectus2003DmanisiGeorgiaDavid Lordkipanidze 
 D4500 (Dmanisi Skull 5)1.81±0.40Homo erectus2005 (published in 2013)DmanisiGeorgiaDavid Lordkipanidze 
 KNM-ER 62000–62003[41]1.84±0.60Homo rudolfensis2012Koobi ForaKenyaMeave Leakey‘s team 
 OH 5
(Zinj or
nutcracker man)
1.75Paranthropus boisei1959TanzaniaMary Leakey 
 OH 71.75Homo habilis1960TanzaniaJonathan Leakey 
 StW 531.8 – 1.6[25]variously A. africanusH. habilisH. gautengensis1976SterkfonteinSouth AfricaA. R. HughesUniversity of the Witwatersrand
 KNM-ER 18051.74Homo habilis1973/4KenyaPaul Abell 
 Yuanmou Man1.70
or 0.60–0.50
(disputed)[42]
Homo erectus1965ChinaFang Qian 
 KNM-ER 4061.70Paranthropus boisei1969KenyaRichard Leakey 
 KNM-ER 732[43]1.70Paranthropus boisei1970KenyaRichard Leakey 
 KNM-ER 23000[44]1.70Paranthropus boisei1990Koobi ForaKenyaBenson Kyongo 
 KNM-WT 17400[45][46]1.70Paranthropus boiseiNot known[47]Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana) Kenyaunknown[47]National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi (Kenia)
 KNM-ER 37331.63±0.15[48]Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus)1975Kenya  
 KNM-WT 15000
(Turkana Boy)
1.60Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus)1984Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana), KenyaKamoya KimeuKenya National Museum
 Peninj Mandible1.50Paranthropus boisei1964TanzaniaRichard Leakey 
 KNM-ER 9921.50Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus)1971KenyaRichard Leakey 
 KNM-ER 38831.57±0.08Homo erectus1976KenyaRichard Leakey 
 Mojokerto 1
(Mojokerto child)
1.43±0.10Homo erectus1936IndonesiaAndojo, G.H.R. von Koenigswald 
 KGA 10-525[49][50]1.40Paranthropus boisei1993Konso-Gardula, EthiopiaA. Amzaye 
 OH 9
(Chellean Man)
[51]
1.40Homo erectus1960OlduvaiTanzaniaLouis Leakey 
 Atapuerca Jawbone[52]1.20Homo sp.2008SpainEudald CarbonellMuseo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
 Kocabas1.10[53]Homo erectus [54]2002TurkeyM. Cihat Alçiçek 
 Daka1.00Homo erectus1997EthiopiaHenry Gilbert 
 Sangiran 41.00Homo erectus1939IndonesiaG.H.R. von Koenigswald 
 Sangiran 21.15±0.45Homo erectus1937IndonesiaG.H.R. von Koenigswald 
 Madam Buya[55]1.00Homo heidelbergensis
or
Homo erectus
1997EritreaErnesto AbbateNational Museum of Eritrea
 ATD6-15 and ATD6-69(Niño de la Gran Dolina 342)0.900[56]Homo antecessor
or
Homo erectus
1994SpainBermúdez & ArsuagaMuseo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
 Trinil 2
Pithecanthropus-1
or
Java Man
[57]
0.850±0.150Homo erectus1891IndonesiaEugène DuboisNaturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden
 Ternifine 2-3 now Tighennif[58]0.70Homo erectus1954AlgeriaC. Arambourg & B. Hoffstetter 
 Sangiran 17[59]0.70Homo erectus1969IndonesiaS. Sartono 
 Peking Man0.73±0.50[60]Homo erectus1921ChinaDavidson BlackLost/stolen
 Bodo[61]0.600Homo heidelbergensis
or
Homo erectus
1976EthiopiaA. Asfaw 
 Mauer 1
(Heidelberg Man)
0.50Homo heidelbergensis1907GermanyDaniel HartmannHeidelberg University
 Saldanha man[62]0.50Homo rhodesiensis1953South Africa  
 Boxgrove Man0.50[63]Homo heidelbergensis1994UK Natural History Museum
 Arago 21
(Tautavel Man)
0.45Homo erectus1971FranceHenry de Lumley 
 Argil
Ceprano Man[64][65]
0.450±0.050Homo cepranensis
/Homo heidelbergensis
1994Ceprano, ItalyItalo BiddittuServizio di antropologia, Soprintendenza ai beni culturali, Regione Lazio, Italy
 Gawis cranium0.350±0.015Homo erectus/Homo sapiens2006EthiopiaAsahmed Humet 
 Skull 5 (Miguelón)0.400Homo heidelbergensis1992SpainBermúdezArsuaga & CarbonellMuseo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
 Aroeira 30.40Homo heidelbergensis2014PortugalJoão_ZilhãoMuseu Nacional de Arqueologia, Lisbon
 Salé[66][67][68]0.40Homo rhodesiensis1971MoroccoA quarry worker 
 Swanscombe Man[69]0.40Homo neanderthalensis1935, 1936, 1955SwanscombeAlvan T Marston, John J Wymer and Adrian GibsonNatural History Museum
 Ndutu[70]0.40Homo rhodesiensis,[71][72] late Homo erectus,[73] or early Homo sapiens[74]1973TanzaniaA.A. Mturi 
[75]Hexian cranial vault (PA 830)[76][77]0.412±0.025Homo erectus1980HexianChina  
 Steinheim Skull0.35Homo heidelbergensis1933Germany  
 Dinaledi Chamber hominins0.325±0.090[78]Homo naledi2013South AfricaRick Hunter and Steven TuckerUniversity of the Witwatersrand (South Africa)
 BH-10.4[79]Homo heidelbergensis Serbia  

Middle Paleolithic: 300,000–50,000 years old[edit]

Further information: Middle Stone AgeSouthern DispersalArchaic humans, and Anatomically modern humans

 NameAge (ka)SpeciesYear
discovered
CountryDiscovered byNow located at
 Jebel Irhoud 1–5286±32[80]Homo sapiens1991Morocco  
 Samu275±25Homo heidelbergensis1964HungaryLászló Vértes 
[81]Dali Man260±20[82]Homo erectus
or Homo heidelbergensis
or early Homo sapiens
1978ChinaShuntang Liu 
 Florisbad Skull259±35early Homo sapiens
or Homo heidelbergensis
or Homo helmei
1932South AfricaT. F. Dreyer, G. Venter 
 Galilee Man250±50Homo heidelbergensis1925IsraelFrancis Turville-Petre 
 Saccopastore 1250[83]Homo neanderthalensis1929ItalyMario Grazioli 
 Ngandong 7112[84]Homo erectus1931IndonesiaC. ter Haar and G. H. R. von Koenigswald 
 Bontnewydd (Pontynewydd)230Homo neanderthalensis1981UK  
 Apidima 1
(LAO 1/S1)
210[85]Homo sapiens1978Apidima Cave / GreeceTheodore Pitsios[86] 
 Petralona 1200±40[87]Homo heidelbergensis (uncertain)1960Greece  
 Omo remains195±5[88]Homo sapiens1967EthiopiaRichard Leakey 
 Laterite Baby190(?)[89]H. erectus
or
H. sapiens
2001Tamil NaduIndiaP Rajendran 
 Misliya-1187±13[90]Homo sapiens2002IsraelIsrael Hershkovitz 
 Apidima 2
(LAO 1/S2)
170[85]Homo neanderthalensis1978Apidima Cave / GreeceTheodore Pitsios[86] 
 Penghu 1160±30 or 40±30[91]Homo tsaichangensis[92][93][94]c. 2008Taiwan National Museum of Natural Science
 Herto remains[95]160Homo sapiens1997EthiopiaTim White 
 Xiahe mandible160[96]Denisovan1980China  
 Altamura Man151±21[97]Homo neanderthalensis1993Italy in situ
 LH 18120±30Homo sapiens1976Ngaloba beds at LaetoliTanzaniaMary Leakey[98] 
 Tabun C1[99]120Homo neanderthalensis1967IsraelArthur Jelinek 
 Denisova 8110[100][101]Denisovan2010Russia  
 Krapina 3[102]113.5±13.5[103]Homo neanderthalensis1899CroatiaDragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger 
 Broken Hill 1
(Kabwe 1, Rhodesian Man)
299±25[104]Homo rhodesiensis (Homo heidelbergensis)1921ZambiaTom Zwiglaar 
 Qafzeh 6[105]95±5[103]Homo sapiens1930IsraelR. Neuville, M. Stekelis 
 Qafzeh 9100–90[103]Homo sapiens[106]1933IsraelT. McCown and H. Moivus, Jr. 
 Scladina103±23[103]Homo neanderthalensis1993Belgium  
 Skhul 5100±20Homo sapiens1933IsraelT. McCown and H. Moivus, Jr. 
 Skhul 9100±20Homo sapiens Israel  
[107]Klasies River Caves100±25Homo sapiens1960South AfricaRay Inskeep, Robin Singer, John Wymer, Hilary Deacon 
 Eve’s footprints117Homo sapiens1995South AfricaDavid Roberts & Lee R. Berger 
 Denny[108][109][110]90Hybrid – (Homo neanderthalensis/Homo sapiens denisova)2012Denisova Cave / Siberia / RussiaViviane Slon & Svante PääboMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Leipzig, Germany)
 Obi-Rakhmat 1[111]75[103]Homo neanderthalensis2003Uzbekistan  
 Teshik-Tash Skull[112]70Homo neanderthalensis1938UzbekistanA. Okladnikov 
 La Ferrassie 170Homo neanderthalensis1909FranceR. Capitan and D. Peyrony 
 Shanidar 170±10Homo neanderthalensis1961IraqRalph Solecki 
 La Chapelle-aux-Saints 160Homo neanderthalensis1908FranceA. and J. Bouyssonie and L. Bardon 
 Kebara 2 (Moshe)[113]60Homo neanderthalensis1983IsraelLynne Schepartz 
[114]Amud 755±5Homo neanderthalensis Israel  
 LB 1 (Hobbit)55±5Homo floresiensis2003Liang BuaIndonesiaPeter Brown 
 Manot 155Homo sapiens2008Israel[115] 
 La Quina 5[citation needed]52.5±7.5[103]Homo neanderthalensis France  
 La Quina 18[citation needed]52.5±7.5[103]Homo neanderthalensis France  
 Tam Pa Ling Cave[116]54.5±8.5[116][117]Homo sapiens2009Laos  

Upper Paleolithic: 50,000–11,500 years old[edit]

Further information: Archaic humansAnatomically modern humansArchaic admixtureRecent human evolution, and EpipalaeolithicFurther information: European early modern humans § Assemblages and fossils

 NameAge (ka)SpeciesDate
discovered
CountryDiscovered byNow located at
 Mungo Man50±10Homo sapiens1974Australia  
 Mt. Circeo 1[118]50±10Homo neanderthalensis1939ItalyProf. Blanc 
 SID-00B49.2±2.5[119]Homo neanderthalensis1994Sidrón CaveSpain  
 Kents Cavern 4 maxilla43.5±2.5Homo sapiens1927UK  
 Amud 1[120]41[121]Homo neanderthalensis1961IsraelHisashi Suzuki 
 Neanderthal 1[122]40Homo neanderthalensis1856GermanyJohann Carl Fuhlrott 
 Denisova hominin (X-Woman)40Homo sp. Altai2008RussiaJohannes Krause, et al. 
 hominin toe bone40Homo sp. Altai (possible Neanderthal-Denisovan hybrid)2010Russia  
 Oase 142–37[123]Homo sapiens (EEMH x Neanderthal hybrid)2002Romania  
 Kostenki-14 (Markina Gora)40–37[124]Homo sapiens (EEMH)1954Russia  
 SID-20[125]37.30±0.83[119]Homo neanderthalensis1994Sidrón CaveSpain  
 Balangoda man37Homo sapiens2012Sri Lanka  
 Hofmeyr Skull36Homo sapiens1952South Africa  
 Wadjak 1[126]33±4.5[127]Homo sapiens (proto-Australoid[128])1888Indonesia  
 Red Lady of Paviland33Homo sapiens1823UKWilliam Buckland 
 Yamashita-Cho Man32Homo sapiens1962Japan  
 Engis 240±10[103][129]Homo neanderthalensis1829BelgiumPhilippe-Charles Schmerling 
 Gibraltar 140±10[103]Homo neanderthalensis1848GibraltarCaptain Edmund Flint 
 Le Moustier40±10Homo neanderthalensis1909France  
 Denisovan tooth40±10Homo sp. Altai2000Russia  
 Cro-Magnon 130Homo sapiens (EEMH)1868FranceLouis Lartet 
 WLH-5029±5Homo sapiens1982Australia  
 Predmost 3[130]26Homo sapiens1894Czech RepublicK.J. Maska 
[131]Lapedo Child24.5Homo neanderthalensis
or
Homo sapiens
1998PortugalJoão Zilhão 
[131]Eel Point24Homo sapiens1997WalesUK  
 MA-1 (Mal’ta boy)24Homo sapiens (ANE)1920sRussia  
[132]Minatogawa 117±1Homo sapiens1970Japan Anthropology Museum, Tokyo University
 Tandou[133][134]17Homo sapiens1967AustraliaDuncan Merrilees 
 Gough’s Cave[135][136]14.7Homo sapiens2010UK  
 Iwo Eleru skull13[137]Homo sapiens1965Nigeria  
 “Kotias”[138]13Homo sapiens (CHG) Kotias Klde cave, Georgia  
 Arlington Springs Man13[139]Homo sapiens1959United StatesPhil Orr 
 Chancelade find14.5±2.5[140]Homo sapiens1888France  
 Villabruna 114Homo sapiens (WHG)1988Italy  
 Bichon man13.7Homo sapiens (WHG)1956Switzerland  
 Red Deer Cave13±1.5Uncertain, possibly Homo sapiens1979ChinaDarren Curnoe? 
 PES-1[141]31-29Uncertain, possibly Homo sapiens Serbia  
 PES-238.9-92Uncertain, possibly Homo neanderthalensis Serbia  

Holocene (11,500–5,000 years old)[edit]

Further information: Recent human evolutionLate Stone AgeMesolithic, and Neolithic

 NameAge (ka)Culture /
association
Year
discovered
Country
 Luzia11.5[142]Paleo-Indian1975Brazil
[143]Cerro Sota 2[144]11 1936Chile
 Satsurblia10Caucasian Epipaleolithic (CHG)[138] Georgia
 Kow Swamp 113–9 1968Australia
 Talgai Skull[145]10±1 1886Australia
 La Brea Woman10Paleo-Indian1914United States
 Combe Capelle9.6 (7600 BC)[146]European Mesolithic1909France
 Cheddar Man9 (7000 BC)British Mesolithic1903UK
 Kennewick Man9 (7000 BC)Archaic period (North America)1996United States
 Tepexpan man8±3Paleo-Indian1947Mexico
 Loschbour man[147]8 (6000 BC)European Mesolithic (WHG)1935Luxembourg
 Minnesota Woman7.9±0.1Paleo-Indian1931Minnesota, United States
 Lothagam 4b (Lo 4b)[148]7.5±1.5[149] 1965–1975Kenya
 Ötzi5.3 (3300 BC)European Neolithic1991Ötztal Alps, Italy

Abbreviations used in fossil catalog name[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ “In effect, there is now no a priori reason to presume that human-chimpanzee split time are especially recent, and the fossil evidence is now fully compatible with older chimpanzee–human divergence dates [7 to 10 Ma]” White TD, Asfaw B, Beyene Y, et al. (October 2009). “Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids”. Science326 (5949): 75–86. Bibcode:2009Sci…326…75Wdoi:10.1126/science.1175802PMID 19810190S2CID 20189444.
  2. ^ Brunet, Michel; Guy, Franck; Pilbeam, David; Mackaye, Hassane Taisso; Likius, Andossa; Ahounta, Djimdoumalbaye; Beauvilain, Alain; Blondel, Cécile; Bocherens, Hervé (2002). “A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa”. Nature418 (6894): 145–51. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..145Bdoi:10.1038/nature00879PMID 12110880S2CID 1316969.
  3. ^ “Bar 10200′”. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
  4. ^ “Ardipithecus kadabba”. efossils. Retrieved 26 March2015.
  5. ^ Amos, Jonathan (2009-10-01). “Fossil finds extend human story”BBC News.
  6. ^ Kissel M, Hawks J (2015). “What are the Lothagam and Tabarin Mandibles?” (PDF). PaleoAnthropology: 37. doi:10.4207/PA.2015.ART94 (inactive 2021-01-11).
  7. ^ McDougall, I.A.N.; Craig, Feibel (1999). “Numerical age control for the Miocene-Pliocene succession at Lothagam, a hominoid-bearing sequence in the northern Kenya Rift”. Journal of the Geological Society156 (4): 731–45. Bibcode:1999JGSoc.156..731Mdoi:10.1144/gsjgs.156.4.0731S2CID 128952193.
  8. ^ Bernard Wood, Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution (2011), 887.
  9. Jump up to:a b c Hill, Andrew; Ward, Steven (1988). “Origin of the Hominidae: the record of African large hominoid evolution between 14 My and 4 My”Yearbook of Physical Anthropology31 (59): 49–83. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330310505.
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