.
(romanian cave)
*(1 of) the earliest ‘early modern human remains’ in ‘europe’*
(discovered by a ‘speleo-logical team’)
(“the study of caves”)
.
*as of ’12 february 2021’*
List of human evolution fossils
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The following tables give an overview of notable finds of hominin fossils and remains relating to human evolution, beginning with the formation of the tribe Hominini (the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages) in the late Miocene, roughly 7 to 8 million years ago.
As there are thousands of fossils, mostly fragmentary, often consisting of single bones or isolated teeth with complete skulls and skeletons rare, this overview is not complete, but show some of the most important findings. The fossils are arranged by approximate age as determined by radiometric dating and/or incremental dating and the species name represents current consensus; if there is no clear scientific consensus the other possible classifications are indicated.
The early fossils shown are not considered ancestors to Homo sapiens but are closely related to ancestors and are therefore important to the study of the lineage. After 1.5 million years ago (extinction of Paranthropus), all fossils shown are human (genus Homo). After 11,500 years ago (11.5 ka, beginning of the Holocene), all fossils shown are Homo sapiens (anatomically modern humans), illustrating recent divergence in the formation of modern human sub-populations.
Contents
- 1Late Miocene (7.2–5.5 million years old)
- 2Pliocene (5.3–2.58 million years old)
- 3Pleistocene
- 4Holocene (11,500–5,000 years old)
- 5Abbreviations used in fossil catalog name
- 6See also
- 7Further reading
- 8References
- 9External links
Late Miocene (7.2–5.5 million years old)[edit]
Further information: Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor, Ardipithecus, Sahelanthropus, Homininae, and Hominini
The chimpanzee–human divergence likely took place during about 10 to 7 million years ago.[1] The list of fossils begins with Graecopithecus, dated some 7.2 million years ago, which may or may not still be ancestral to both the human and the chimpanzee lineage. For the earlier history of the human lineage, see Timeline of human evolution#Hominidae, Hominidae#Phylogeny.
Image | Name | Age (Ma) | Species | Year discovered | Country | Discovered by | Now located at |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
El Graeco | 7.20 | Graecopithecus freybergi | 2017 (1944) | Greece, Bulgaria Site:Pyrgos Vassilissis, Azmaka | Böhme (Tübingen), Spassov (BAS) | Met, Athens; Tübingen, Germany | |
TM 266 (Toumai) | 7.00-6.00[2] | Sahelanthropus tchadensis | 2001 | Chad Site:Djurab Desert | Michel Brunet, Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye | N’Djamena (Chad), BEAC | |
BAR 1000’00 | 6.1 – 5.7[3] | Orrorin tugenensis | 2000 | Kenya Site:Lukeino | Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut, | ||
Trachilos footprints | 5.7 | Made by hominin or hominin-like primate | 2002 | Greece | Gerard D. Gierliński | ||
ALA-VP 1/20[4] | 5.65±0.150 | Ardipithecus kadabba | 1997 | Ethiopia Site:Middle Awash | Yohannes Haile-Selassie |
Pliocene (5.3–2.58 million years old)[edit]
Further information: Kenyanthropus, Australopithecus, and Paranthropus
Pleistocene[edit]
Lower Paleolithic: 2.58–0.3 million years old[edit]
Further information: Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Homo, and Homo erectus
Middle Paleolithic: 300,000–50,000 years old[edit]
Further information: Middle Stone Age, Southern Dispersal, Archaic humans, and Anatomically modern humans
Upper Paleolithic: 50,000–11,500 years old[edit]
Further information: Archaic humans, Anatomically modern humans, Archaic admixture, Recent human evolution, and EpipalaeolithicFurther information: European early modern humans § Assemblages and fossils
Holocene (11,500–5,000 years old)[edit]
Further information: Recent human evolution, Late Stone Age, Mesolithic, and Neolithic
Name | Age (ka) | Culture / association | Year discovered | Country | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Luzia | 11.5[142] | Paleo-Indian | 1975 | Brazil | |
[143] | Cerro Sota 2[144] | 11 | 1936 | Chile | |
“Satsurblia“ | 10 | Caucasian Epipaleolithic (CHG)[138] | Georgia | ||
Kow Swamp 1 | 13–9 | 1968 | Australia | ||
Talgai Skull[145] | 10±1 | 1886 | Australia | ||
La Brea Woman | 10 | Paleo-Indian | 1914 | United States | |
Combe Capelle | 9.6 (7600 BC)[146] | European Mesolithic | 1909 | France | |
Cheddar Man | 9 (7000 BC) | British Mesolithic | 1903 | UK | |
Kennewick Man | 9 (7000 BC) | Archaic period (North America) | 1996 | United States | |
Tepexpan man | 8±3 | Paleo-Indian | 1947 | Mexico | |
Loschbour man[147] | 8 (6000 BC) | European Mesolithic (WHG) | 1935 | Luxembourg | |
Minnesota Woman | 7.9±0.1 | Paleo-Indian | 1931 | Minnesota, United States | |
Lothagam 4b (Lo 4b)[148] | 7.5±1.5[149] | 1965–1975 | Kenya | ||
Ötzi | 5.3 (3300 BC) | European Neolithic | 1991 | Ötztal Alps, Italy |
Abbreviations used in fossil catalog name[edit]
- AL – Afar Locality, Ethiopia
- ARA-VP – Aramis Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
- BAR – (Lukeino, Tugen Hills) Baringo District, Kenya
- BOU-VP – Bouri Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
- D – Dmanisi, Georgia
- ER – East (Lake) Rudolf, Kenya
- KGA – Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia
- KNM – Kenya National Museum
- KP – Kanapoi, Kenya
- LB – Liang Bua, Indonesia
- LH – Laetoli Hominid 4, Tanzania
- MH – Malapa Hominin, South Africa
- NG – Ngandong, Indonesia
- OH – Olduvai Hominid, Tanzania
- SK – Swartkrans, South Africa
- Sts, Stw – Sterkfontein, South Africa
- TM – Transvaal Museum, South Africa
- TM – Toros-Menalla, Chad
- WT – West (Lake) Turkana, Kenya
See also[edit]
- Timeline of human evolution
- Timeline of human prehistory
- List of archaeological sites by continent and age
- List of first human settlements
- List of fossil primates
- List of fossil sites
- List of mummies
- List of notable fossils
- List of transitional fossils
Further reading[edit]
- Gibbons, Ann. The First Human: The Race to Discover our Earliest Ancestor. Anchor Books (2007). ISBN 978-1-4000-7696-3
- Hartwig, Walter Carl (2004) [2002]. Hartwig, Walter (ed.). The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press. Bibcode:2002prfr.book…..H. ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2..
- Johanson, Donald & Wong, Kate. Lucy’s Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. Three Rivers Press (2009). ISBN 978-0-307-39640-2
- Jones, Steve; Martin, Robert D.; Pilbeam, David R, eds. (1994). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46786-5.(Note: this book contains very useful, information dense chapters on primate evolution in general, and human evolution in particular, including fossil history).
- Leakey, Richard & Lewin, Roger. Origins Reconsidered: In Search of What Makes us Human. Little, Brown and Company (1992). ISBN 0-316-90298-5
- Lewin, Roger. Bones of Contention: Controversies in the Search for Human Origins. Penguin Books (1987). ISBN 0-14-022638-9
- Morwood, Mike & van Oosterzee, Penny. A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the ‘Hobbits’ of Flores, Indonesia. Smithsonian Books (2007). ISBN 978-0-06-089908-0
- Oppenheimer, Stephen. Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World. Constable (2003). ISBN 1-84119-697-5
- Roberts, Alice. The Incredible Human Journey: The Story of how we Colonised the Planet. Bloomsbury (2009). ISBN 978-0-7475-9839-8
- Shreeve, James. The Neanderthal Enigma: Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins. Viking (1996). ISBN 0-670-86638-5
- Stringer, Chris. The Origin of Our Species. Allen Lane (2011). ISBN 978-1-84614-140-9
- Stringer, Chris & Andrews, Peter. The Complete World of Human Evolution. Thames & Hudson (2005). ISBN 0-500-05132-1
- Stringer, Chris & McKie, Robin. African Exodus: The Origins of Modern Humanity. Jonathan Cape (1996). ISBN 0-224-03771-4
- van Oosterzee, Penny. The Story of Peking Man. Allen & Unwin (1999). ISBN 1-86508-632-0
- Walker, Allan & Shipman, Pat. The Wisdom of the Bones: In Search of Human Origins. Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1996). ISBN 0-297-81670-5
- Wade, Nicholas. Before the Dawn: Recovering the Lost History of our Ancestors. Penguin Press (2006). ISBN 978-0-7156-3658-9
- Weiss, M.L.; Mann, A.E. (1985). ‘Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective (4th ed.). Boston: Little Brown. ISBN 978-0-673-39013-4. (Note: this book contains very accessible descriptions of human and non-human primates, their evolution, and fossil history).
- Wells, Spencer (2004). The Journey of Man : A Genetic Odyssey. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8129-7146-0.
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- ^ http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/dali.html Archived2010-08-28 at the Wayback Machine Dali image at Modern Human Origins
- ^ Sun, Xuefeng; Yi, Shuangwen; Lu, Huayu; Zhang, Wenchao (2017). “TT-OSL and post-IR IRSL dating of the Dali Man site in central China”. Quaternary International. 434: 99–106. Bibcode:2017QuInt.434…99S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.027. “correlating the pIRIR290 ages between 267.7±13.9 ka and 258.3±14.2 ka and new pollen analysis, we proposed a new viewpoint that the Dali Man was likely to live during a transitional period from glacial to interglacial climate in the S2/L3 (MIS 7/8) stage.”
- ^ “Italy’s first Neanderthal dates back 250,000 years”. 4 November 2015.
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- ^ “Modernhumanorigins.net”. www.modernhumanorigins.net. Archived from the original on 2010-08-18. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
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- ^ Hershkovitz, Israel; Weber, Gerhard W.; Quam, Rolf; Duval, Mathieu; Grün, Rainer; Kinsley, Leslie; Ayalon, Avner; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Valladas, Helene; Mercier, Norbert; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Martinón-Torres, María; Bermúdez de Castro, José María; Fornai, Cinzia; Martín-Francés, Laura; Sarig, Rachel; May, Hila; Krenn, Viktoria A.; Slon, Viviane; Rodríguez, Laura; García, Rebeca; Lorenzo, Carlos; Carretero, Jose Miguel; Frumkin, Amos; Shahack-Gross, Ruth; Bar-Yosef Mayer, Daniella E.; Cui, Yaming; Wu, Xinzhi; Peled, Natan; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Weissbrod, Lior; Yeshurun, Reuven; Tsatskin, Alexander; Zaidner, Yossi; Weinstein-Evron, Mina (25 January 2018). “The earliest modern humans outside Africa”. Science. 359 (6374): 456–59. Bibcode:2018Sci…359..456H. doi:10.1126/science.aap8369. PMID 29371468.
- ^ Found underwater, this fossil was stratigraphically dated to younger than 450 ka, and assigned to either of two plausible low-sea-level events, but it is unknown whether it dates to the Eemian or to the LGM. Chang, Chun-Hsiang; Kaifu, Yousuke; Takai, Masanaru; Kono, Reiko T.; Grün, Rainer; Matsu’ura, Shuji; Kinsley, Les; Lin, Liang-Kong (2015). “The first archaicHomo from Taiwan”. Nature Communications. 6: 6037. Bibcode:2015NatCo…6.6037C. doi:10.1038/ncomms7037. PMC 4316746. PMID 25625212.
- ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (2015). Homo tsaichangensis andGigantopithecus. South Hadley, MA: Meanma. doi:10.13140/2.1.3463.7121. ISBN 978-1-893882-19-5.
- ^ Chang, C.-H.; Kaifu, M.; Kona, R. T.; Grün, R.; Matsu’ura, S.; Kinsley, L.; Lin, L.-K. (2015). “First archaic Homo from Taiwan”. Nature Communications. 6: 6037. Bibcode:2015NatCo…6.6037C. doi:10.1038/ncomms7037. PMC 4316746. PMID 25625212.
- ^ Choi, Charles Q. (January 27, 2015). “Ancient Human Fossil Could Be New Primitive Species”. Live Science.
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- ^ Magori, M.H.Day (1983). “Laetoli Hominid 18: an early Homo sapiens skull”. Journal of Human Evolution. 12 (8): 747–53. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(83)80130-4.
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- ^ Zimmer, Carl (16 November 2015). “In a Tooth, DNA From Some Very Old Cousins, the Denisovans”. New York Times. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
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- ^ Grün, R., Pike, A., McDermott, F., Eggins, S., Mortimer, G., Aubert, M., … & Brink, J. (2020). Dating the skull from Broken Hill, Zambia, and its position in human evolution. Nature, 580(7803), 372-375.
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- ^ Vogel, Gretchen (22 August 2018). “This ancient bone belonged to a child of two extinct human species”. Science. doi:10.1126/science.aav1858. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Marshall, Michael (22 August 2018). “Prehistoric girl had parents belonging to different human species”. New Scientist. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
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- ^ Jump up to:a b Demeter, F.; Shackelford, L. L.; Bacon, A.-M.; Duringer, P.; Westaway, K.; Sayavongkhamdy, T.; Braga, J.; Sichanthongtip, P.; Khamdalavong, P.; Ponche, J.-L.; Wang, H.; Lundstrom, C.; Patole-Edoumba, E.; Karpoff, A.-M. (2012). “Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109(36): 14375–80. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10914375D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1208104109. PMC 3437904. PMID 22908291.
- ^ Demeter, Fabrice; Shackelford, Laura; Westaway, Kira; Duringer, Philippe; Bacon, Anne-Marie; Ponche, Jean-Luc; Wu, Xiujie; Sayavongkhamdy, Thongsa; Zhao, Jian-Xin; Barnes, Lani; Boyon, Marc; Sichanthongtip, Phonephanh; Sénégas, Frank; Karpoff, Anne-Marie; Patole-Edoumba, Elise; Coppens, Yves; Braga, José; Macchiarelli, Roberto (2015). “Early Modern Humans and Morphological Variation in Southeast Asia: Fossil Evidence from Tam Pa Ling, Laos”. PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0121193. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1021193D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121193. PMC 4388508. PMID 25849125.
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- ^ http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/amud1.htmlArchived 2011-04-24 at the Wayback Machine Amud 1 Image at Modern Human Origins
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- ^ Wadjak 1 and Wadjak 2 are fossil human skulls discovered near Wajak, a town in Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesiain 1888/90. Dubbed “Wajak Man”, and formerly classified as a separate species (Homo wadjakensis), the skulls are now recognized as early anatomically modern human. They were dated to the Holocene, 12 to 5 ka, in the 1990s, but this has been revised in a 2013 study which claimed a far earlier date, “a minimum age of between 37.4 and 28.5 ka”. Storm, Paul; Wood, Rachel; Stringer, Chris; Bartsiokas, Antonis; de Vos, John; Aubert, Maxime; Kinsley, Les; Grün, Rainer (2013). “U-series and radiocarbon analyses of human and faunal remains from Wajak, Indonesia”. Journal of Human Evolution. 64 (5): 356–365. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.11.002. PMID 23465338. J. Krigbaum in: Habu et al. (eds), Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology (2017), p. 314.
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- ^ Johnson, John. “Arlington Man”. National Park Service. Retrieved December 25, 2014.
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- ^ Lindal, Joshua A.; Radović, Predrag; Mihailović, Dušan; Roksandic, Mirjana (2020-03-20). “Postcranial hominin remains from the Late Pleistocene of Pešturina Cave (Serbia)”. Quaternary International. 542: 9–14. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.02.019. ISSN 1040-6182.
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- ^ Bird, Junius B. (1988). “Four views of skull from skeleton 99.1/779”. In Hyslop, John (ed.). Travels and Archaeology in South Chile. University of Iowa Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-58729-014-5.
- ^ Bird, Junius B.; Bird, Margaret (1988). Travels and Archeology in South Chile. New York: Cornell University. ISBN 978-1587290145. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
- ^ Allen, Jim (2010). “The Curious History of the Talgai Skull”. Bulletin of the History of Archaeology. 20 (2): 4. doi:10.5334/bha.20202. ISSN 2047-6930.
- ^ Seidler, Christoph (9 February 2011). “Forscher entzaubern Steinzeitmann”. Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 2012-04-19.
- ^ The identification of the WHG component in modern populations is based on the analysis of the genome of a Mesolithic hunter-gatherer buried c. 8000 years ago in the Loschbour rock shelter in Müllerthal, near Heffingen, Luxembourg. Lazaridis, Iosif (2014). “Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans”. Nature. 513 (7518): 409–413. arXiv:1312.6639. Bibcode:2014Natur.513..409L. doi:10.1038/nature13673. hdl:11336/30563. PMC 4170574. PMID 25230663..
- ^ Angel, J.L.; Phenice, T.W.; Robbins, L.H.; Lynch, B.M. (1980). Late stone age fishermen of Lothagam, Kenya. National Anthropological Archives, Sithsonian Institution, Part 3.
- ^ Lo 4b is the best preserved skull out of a sample of 30 fully modern skeletons of the period 9–6 ka, found at Lothagam, West Turkana, Kenya, excavated between 1965 and 1975. Joseph F. Powell, The First Americans (2005), 169.
Bibliography[edit]
- Tattersall, Ian; Schwartz, Jeffery (2000). Extinct Humans. Boulder CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-3482-0.
- Larsen, Clark Spencer; Matter, Robert M; Gebo, Daniel L (1991). Human Origins: the fossil record. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL. ISBN 978-0-88133-575-0.
- “Smithsonian Human Origins Program”. Retrieved 2006-08-29.
- “Prominent Hominid Fossils”. Retrieved 2006-08-31.
- Grine, F.E.; Jungers, W.L.; Schultz, J. (1996). “Phenetic Affinities Among Early Homo Crania from East and South Africa”. Journal of Human Evolution. 30 (3): 189–225. doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0019.
External links[edit]
- Interactive map of primate fossil finds around the world
- Informative lecture on Australopithecines
- The Age of Homo sapiens – Interactive Map of Human Evolution Fossils
- Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).
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