“THE OMO REMAINS”

.

“PEȘTERA CU OASE”

(romanian cave)

*(1 of) the earliest ‘early modern human remains’ in ‘europe’*

(discovered by a ‘speleo-logical team’)
(“the study of caves”)

.

*as of ’12 february 2021’*

List of human evolution fossils

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The following tables give an overview of notable finds of hominin fossils and remains relating to human evolution, beginning with the formation of the tribe Hominini (the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages) in the late Miocene, roughly 7 to 8 million years ago.

As there are thousands of fossils, mostly fragmentary, often consisting of single bones or isolated teeth with complete skulls and skeletons rare, this overview is not complete, but show some of the most important findings. The fossils are arranged by approximate age as determined by radiometric dating and/or incremental dating and the species name represents current consensus; if there is no clear scientific consensus the other possible classifications are indicated.

The early fossils shown are not considered ancestors to Homo sapiens but are closely related to ancestors and are therefore important to the study of the lineage. After 1.5 million years ago (extinction of Paranthropus), all fossils shown are human (genus Homo). After 11,500 years ago (11.5 ka, beginning of the Holocene), all fossils shown are Homo sapiens (anatomically modern humans), illustrating recent divergence in the formation of modern human sub-populations.

Contents

• 1Late Miocene (7.2–5.5 million years old)
• 2Pliocene (5.3–2.58 million years old)
• 3Pleistocene
  • 3.1Lower Paleolithic: 2.58–0.3 million years old
  • 3.2Middle Paleolithic: 300,000–50,000 years old
  • 3.3Upper Paleolithic: 50,000–11,500 years old
• 4Holocene (11,500–5,000 years old)
• 5Abbreviations used in fossil catalog name
• 6See also
• 7Further reading
• 8References
  • 8.1Bibliography
• 9External links

Late Miocene (7.2–5.5 million years old)[edit]

Further information: Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor, Ardipithecus, Sahelanthropus, Homininae, and Hominini

The chimpanzee–human divergence likely took place during about 10 to 7 million years ago.^[1] The list of fossils begins with Graecopithecus, dated some 7.2 million years ago, which may or may not still be ancestral to both the human and the chimpanzee lineage. For the earlier history of the human lineage, see Timeline of human evolution#Hominidae, Hominidae#Phylogeny.

Image	Name	Age (Ma)	Species	Year discovered	Country	Discovered by	Now located at
	El Graeco	7.20	Graecopithecus freybergi	2017 (1944)	Greece, Bulgaria Site:Pyrgos Vassilissis, Azmaka	Böhme (Tübingen), Spassov (BAS)	Met, Athens; Tübingen, Germany
	TM 266 (Toumai)	7.00-6.00[2]	Sahelanthropus tchadensis	2001	Chad Site:Djurab Desert	Michel Brunet, Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye	N’Djamena (Chad), BEAC
	BAR 1000’00	6.1 – 5.7[3]	Orrorin tugenensis	2000	Kenya Site:Lukeino	Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut,
	Trachilos footprints	5.7	Made by hominin or hominin-like primate	2002	Greece	Gerard D. Gierliński
	ALA-VP 1/20[4]	5.65±0.150	Ardipithecus kadabba	1997	Ethiopia Site:Middle Awash	Yohannes Haile-Selassie

Pliocene (5.3–2.58 million years old)[edit]

Further information: Kenyanthropus, Australopithecus, and Paranthropus

Image	Name	Age (Ma)	Species	Year discovered	Country	Discovered by	Now located at
	Ardi	4.40[5]	Ardipithecus ramidus	1994	Ethiopia	Yohannes Haile-Selassie
	Lothagam mandible (KNM-LT 329)[6]	4.60±0.40[7]	Australopithecus anamensis or undetermined Hominidae	1967	Kenya	Arnold Lewis,[8] Bryan Patterson[9][10][11]
	KNM-TH 13150	4.70±0.55[12]	Australopithecus anamensis	1984	Kenya	Kiptalam Cheboi[9]
	KNM-KP 271	4.00[13]	Australopithecus anamensis	1965	Kanapoi, Kenya	Bryan Patterson[9]
	Laetoli Footprints	3.70	Bipedal hominin	1976	Tanzania	Mary Leakey
	LH 4	3.40±0.50	Australopithecus afarensis	1974	Laetoli, Tanzania	Mary Leakey[14]
	KSD-VP-1/1 (Kadanuumuu)	3.58	Australopithecus afarensis	2005	Ethiopia	Yohannes Haile-Selassie
	KT-12/H1 (Abel)	3,50	Australopithecus bahrelghazali	1995	Chad	Mamelbaye Tomalta and Michel Brunet	N’Djamena (Chad), BEAC
	KNM-WT 40000 (Flat Faced Man)[15]	3,50	Kenyanthropus platyops	1999	Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana), Kenya	Justus Erus and Meave Leakey[16]
	BRT-VP-3/14	3.40±0.10	Australopithecus deyiremeda	2015	Ethiopia	Yohannes Haile-Selassie[17]
	Stw 573 (Little foot)	3.67	Australopithecus prometheus(?)	1994	Sterkfontein, South Africa	Ronald J. Clarke
	DIK-1 (Selam)	3.30	Australopithecus afarensis	2000	Ethiopia	Zeresenay Alemseged
	AL 288-1 (Lucy)	3.20	Australopithecus afarensis	1974	Ethiopia	Tom Gray, Donald Johanson, Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb	National Museum of Ethiopia
	AL 200-1	3.10±0.10	Australopithecus afarensis	1975	Afar Region, Ethiopia	Donald Johanson Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb
	AL 129-1	3.10±0.10	Australopithecus afarensis	1973	Afar Region, Ethiopia	Donald Johanson
	AL 444-2[18]	3.00	Australopithecus afarensis	1992	Afar Region, Ethiopia	Yoel Rak
[19]	LD 350-1	2.775±0.025[20]	Homo(?)	2013	Ethiopia	Chalachew Seyoum
	Taung Child 1	3.03 – 2.61	Australopithecus africanus	1924	Buxton-Norlim Limeworks, South Africa	Raymond Dart	University of the Witwatersrand

Pleistocene[edit]

Lower Paleolithic: 2.58–0.3 million years old[edit]

Further information: Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Homo, and Homo erectus

	Name	Age (Ma)	Species	Date discovered	Country	Discovered by	Now located at
	KNM-WT 17000 (The Black Skull)	2.50	Paranthropus aethiopicus	1985	Kenya	Alan Walker
	BOU-VP-12/130[21]	2.50	Australopithecus garhi	1997	Ethiopia	Yohannes Haile-Selassie
	STS 71[22]	2.61 -2.07	Australopithecus africanus	1947	Sterkfontein, South Africa	Robert Broom and John T. Robinson	Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
	STS 52	2.61 – 2.07	Australopithecus africanus	1947	Sterkfontein, South Africa	Robert Broom	Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
	UR 501 (Uraha jawbone)	2.40±0.10	Homo rudolfensis[23]	1991	Malawi	Tyson Msiska, Timothy Bromage, Friedemann Schrenk
	STS 5 (Mrs. Ples) (STS 14)[24]	2.07[25]	Australopithecus africanus	1947	Sterkfontein, South Africa	Robert Broom	Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
	DNH 134 (Simon)[26]	2.04[26]	Homo erectus	2015	Drimolen ,Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa	Andy Herries’ team (excavated by Richard Curtis, Andy Herries, Angeline Leece; reconstructed by Jesse Martin)	University of the Witwatersrand
	Wushan Man	2.04 – 2[27]	Homo erectus	1985	Longgupo, Zhenlongping Village, Miaoyu Town of Wushan County[28]		Three Gorges Museum
	DNH 155[29]	2.04-1.95	Paranthropus robustus	2018	Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa	Andy Herries and Stephanie Bakers team (first found by Samantha Good and excavated by Samantha Good, Angeline Leece, Stephanie Baker and Andy Herries; reconstructed by Jesse Martin)	University of the Witwatersrand
	DNH 152 [26](Khethi)	2.04-1.95[26]	Paranthropus robustus	2018	Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa	Andy Herries’ and Stephanie Baker’s team (first part found by Khethi Nkosi. later parts by Amber Jaeger, Eunice Lalunio; reconstructed by Jesse Martin & Angeline Leece)	University of the Witwatersrand
	DNH 7 (Eurydice)[30]	2.04 – 1.95[26]	Paranthropus robustus	1994	Drimolen, Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa	R. Smith and André Keyser	University of the Witwatersrand
	TM 1517[31]	unknown	Paranthropus robustus	1938	South Africa	Gert Terblanche	Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
	MH1 (Karabo)[32][33]	1.98[34]	Australopithecus sediba	2008	Malapa, South Africa	Lee R. Berger	University of the Witwatersrand
	KNM-ER 1813	1.90	Homo habilis	1973	Kenya	Kamoya Kimeu
	KNM-ER 1470	1.90	Homo rudolfensis	1972	Kenya	Bernard Ngeneo[35]
	SK 48	2.25 – 1.80	Paranthropus robustus	1948	Swartkrans, South Africa	Robert Broom	Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
	SK 46[36]	2.25 – 1.80	Paranthropus robustus	1949	Swartkrans, South Africa	Robert Broom	Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
	SK 847[37]	2.25 -1.80	Homo habilis	1949	Swartkrans, South Africa		Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
	OH 24 (Twiggy)[38]	1.80	Homo habilis	1968	Tanzania	Peter Nzube
	OH 8[39]	1.80	Homo habilis	1960	Olduvai, Tanzania
	D2700 (Dmanisi Skull 3)	1.81±0.40[40]	Homo erectus	2001	Dmanisi, Georgia	David Lordkipanidze and Abesalom Vekua
	D3444 (Dmanisi Skull 4)	1.81±0.40	Homo erectus	2003	Dmanisi, Georgia	David Lordkipanidze
	D4500 (Dmanisi Skull 5)	1.81±0.40	Homo erectus	2005 (published in 2013)	Dmanisi, Georgia	David Lordkipanidze
	KNM-ER 62000–62003[41]	1.84±0.60	Homo rudolfensis	2012	Koobi Fora, Kenya	Meave Leakey‘s team
	OH 5 (Zinj or nutcracker man)	1.75	Paranthropus boisei	1959	Tanzania	Mary Leakey
	OH 7	1.75	Homo habilis	1960	Tanzania	Jonathan Leakey
	StW 53	1.8 – 1.6[25]	variously A. africanus, H. habilis, H. gautengensis	1976	Sterkfontein, South Africa	A. R. Hughes	University of the Witwatersrand
	KNM-ER 1805	1.74	Homo habilis	1973/4	Kenya	Paul Abell
	Yuanmou Man	1.70 or 0.60–0.50 (disputed)[42]	Homo erectus	1965	China	Fang Qian
	KNM-ER 406	1.70	Paranthropus boisei	1969	Kenya	Richard Leakey
	KNM-ER 732[43]	1.70	Paranthropus boisei	1970	Kenya	Richard Leakey
	KNM-ER 23000[44]	1.70	Paranthropus boisei	1990	Koobi Fora, Kenya	Benson Kyongo
	KNM-WT 17400[45][46]	1.70	Paranthropus boisei	Not known[47]	Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana) Kenya	unknown[47]	National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi (Kenia)
	KNM-ER 3733	1.63±0.15[48]	Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus)	1975	Kenya
	KNM-WT 15000 (Turkana Boy)	1.60	Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus)	1984	Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana), Kenya	Kamoya Kimeu	Kenya National Museum
	Peninj Mandible	1.50	Paranthropus boisei	1964	Tanzania	Richard Leakey
	KNM-ER 992	1.50	Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus)	1971	Kenya	Richard Leakey
	KNM-ER 3883	1.57±0.08	Homo erectus	1976	Kenya	Richard Leakey
	Mojokerto 1 (Mojokerto child)	1.43±0.10	Homo erectus	1936	Indonesia	Andojo, G.H.R. von Koenigswald
	KGA 10-525[49][50]	1.40	Paranthropus boisei	1993	Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia	A. Amzaye
	OH 9 (Chellean Man)[51]	1.40	Homo erectus	1960	Olduvai, Tanzania	Louis Leakey
	Atapuerca Jawbone[52]	1.20	Homo sp.	2008	Spain	Eudald Carbonell	Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
	Kocabas	1.10[53]	Homo erectus [54]	2002	Turkey	M. Cihat Alçiçek
	Daka	1.00	Homo erectus	1997	Ethiopia	Henry Gilbert
	Sangiran 4	1.00	Homo erectus	1939	Indonesia	G.H.R. von Koenigswald
	Sangiran 2	1.15±0.45	Homo erectus	1937	Indonesia	G.H.R. von Koenigswald
	Madam Buya[55]	1.00	Homo heidelbergensis or Homo erectus	1997	Eritrea	Ernesto Abbate	National Museum of Eritrea
	ATD6-15 and ATD6-69(Niño de la Gran Dolina 342)	0.900[56]	Homo antecessor or Homo erectus	1994	Spain	Bermúdez & Arsuaga	Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
	Trinil 2 Pithecanthropus-1 or Java Man[57]	0.850±0.150	Homo erectus	1891	Indonesia	Eugène Dubois	Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden
	Ternifine 2-3 now Tighennif[58]	0.70	Homo erectus	1954	Algeria	C. Arambourg & B. Hoffstetter
	Sangiran 17[59]	0.70	Homo erectus	1969	Indonesia	S. Sartono
	Peking Man	0.73±0.50[60]	Homo erectus	1921	China	Davidson Black	Lost/stolen
	Bodo[61]	0.600	Homo heidelbergensis or Homo erectus	1976	Ethiopia	A. Asfaw
	Mauer 1 (Heidelberg Man)	0.50	Homo heidelbergensis	1907	Germany	Daniel Hartmann	Heidelberg University
	Saldanha man[62]	0.50	Homo rhodesiensis	1953	South Africa
	Boxgrove Man	0.50[63]	Homo heidelbergensis	1994	UK		Natural History Museum
	Arago 21 (Tautavel Man)	0.45	Homo erectus	1971	France	Henry de Lumley
	Argil Ceprano Man[64][65]	0.450±0.050	Homo cepranensis /Homo heidelbergensis	1994	Ceprano, Italy	Italo Biddittu	Servizio di antropologia, Soprintendenza ai beni culturali, Regione Lazio, Italy
	Gawis cranium	0.350±0.015	Homo erectus/Homo sapiens	2006	Ethiopia	Asahmed Humet
	Skull 5 (Miguelón)	0.400	Homo heidelbergensis	1992	Spain	Bermúdez, Arsuaga & Carbonell	Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)
	Aroeira 3	0.40	Homo heidelbergensis	2014	Portugal	João_Zilhão	Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, Lisbon
	Salé[66][67][68]	0.40	Homo rhodesiensis	1971	Morocco	A quarry worker
	Swanscombe Man[69]	0.40	Homo neanderthalensis	1935, 1936, 1955	Swanscombe	Alvan T Marston, John J Wymer and Adrian Gibson	Natural History Museum
	Ndutu[70]	0.40	Homo rhodesiensis,[71][72] late Homo erectus,[73] or early Homo sapiens[74]	1973	Tanzania	A.A. Mturi
[75]	Hexian cranial vault (PA 830)[76][77]	0.412±0.025	Homo erectus	1980	Hexian, China
	Steinheim Skull	0.35	Homo heidelbergensis	1933	Germany
	Dinaledi Chamber hominins	0.325±0.090[78]	Homo naledi	2013	South Africa	Rick Hunter and Steven Tucker	University of the Witwatersrand (South Africa)
	BH-1	0.4[79]	Homo heidelbergensis		Serbia

Middle Paleolithic: 300,000–50,000 years old[edit]

Further information: Middle Stone Age, Southern Dispersal, Archaic humans, and Anatomically modern humans

	Name	Age (ka)	Species	Year discovered	Country	Discovered by	Now located at
	Jebel Irhoud 1–5	286±32[80]	Homo sapiens	1991	Morocco
	Samu	275±25	Homo heidelbergensis	1964	Hungary	László Vértes
[81]	Dali Man	260±20[82]	Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis or early Homo sapiens	1978	China	Shuntang Liu
	Florisbad Skull	259±35	early Homo sapiens or Homo heidelbergensis or Homo helmei	1932	South Africa	T. F. Dreyer, G. Venter
	Galilee Man	250±50	Homo heidelbergensis	1925	Israel	Francis Turville-Petre
	Saccopastore 1	250[83]	Homo neanderthalensis	1929	Italy	Mario Grazioli
	Ngandong 7	112[84]	Homo erectus	1931	Indonesia	C. ter Haar and G. H. R. von Koenigswald
	Bontnewydd (Pontynewydd)	230	Homo neanderthalensis	1981	UK
	Apidima 1 (LAO 1/S1)	210[85]	Homo sapiens	1978	Apidima Cave / Greece	Theodore Pitsios[86]
	Petralona 1	200±40[87]	Homo heidelbergensis (uncertain)	1960	Greece
	Omo remains	195±5[88]	Homo sapiens	1967	Ethiopia	Richard Leakey
	Laterite Baby	190(?)[89]	H. erectus or H. sapiens	2001	Tamil Nadu, India	P Rajendran
	Misliya-1	187±13[90]	Homo sapiens	2002	Israel	Israel Hershkovitz
	Apidima 2 (LAO 1/S2)	170[85]	Homo neanderthalensis	1978	Apidima Cave / Greece	Theodore Pitsios[86]
	Penghu 1	160±30 or 40±30[91]	Homo tsaichangensis[92][93][94]	c. 2008	Taiwan		National Museum of Natural Science
	Herto remains[95]	160	Homo sapiens	1997	Ethiopia	Tim White
	Xiahe mandible	160[96]	Denisovan	1980	China
	Altamura Man	151±21[97]	Homo neanderthalensis	1993	Italy		in situ
	LH 18	120±30	Homo sapiens	1976	Ngaloba beds at Laetoli, Tanzania	Mary Leakey[98]
	Tabun C1[99]	120	Homo neanderthalensis	1967	Israel	Arthur Jelinek
	Denisova 8	110[100][101]	Denisovan	2010	Russia
	Krapina 3[102]	113.5±13.5[103]	Homo neanderthalensis	1899	Croatia	Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger
	Broken Hill 1 (Kabwe 1, Rhodesian Man)	299±25[104]	Homo rhodesiensis (Homo heidelbergensis)	1921	Zambia	Tom Zwiglaar
	Qafzeh 6[105]	95±5[103]	Homo sapiens	1930	Israel	R. Neuville, M. Stekelis
	Qafzeh 9	100–90[103]	Homo sapiens[106]	1933	Israel	T. McCown and H. Moivus, Jr.
	Scladina	103±23[103]	Homo neanderthalensis	1993	Belgium
	Skhul 5	100±20	Homo sapiens	1933	Israel	T. McCown and H. Moivus, Jr.
	Skhul 9	100±20	Homo sapiens		Israel
[107]	Klasies River Caves	100±25	Homo sapiens	1960	South Africa	Ray Inskeep, Robin Singer, John Wymer, Hilary Deacon
	Eve’s footprints	117	Homo sapiens	1995	South Africa	David Roberts & Lee R. Berger
	Denny[108][109][110]	90	Hybrid – (Homo neanderthalensis/Homo sapiens denisova)	2012	Denisova Cave / Siberia / Russia	Viviane Slon & Svante Pääbo	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Leipzig, Germany)
	Obi-Rakhmat 1[111]	75[103]	Homo neanderthalensis	2003	Uzbekistan
	Teshik-Tash Skull[112]	70	Homo neanderthalensis	1938	Uzbekistan	A. Okladnikov
	La Ferrassie 1	70	Homo neanderthalensis	1909	France	R. Capitan and D. Peyrony
	Shanidar 1	70±10	Homo neanderthalensis	1961	Iraq	Ralph Solecki
	La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1	60	Homo neanderthalensis	1908	France	A. and J. Bouyssonie and L. Bardon
	Kebara 2 (Moshe)[113]	60	Homo neanderthalensis	1983	Israel	Lynne Schepartz
[114]	Amud 7	55±5	Homo neanderthalensis		Israel
	LB 1 (Hobbit)	55±5	Homo floresiensis	2003	Liang Bua, Indonesia	Peter Brown
	Manot 1	55	Homo sapiens	2008	Israel	[115]
	La Quina 5[citation needed]	52.5±7.5[103]	Homo neanderthalensis		France
	La Quina 18[citation needed]	52.5±7.5[103]	Homo neanderthalensis		France
	Tam Pa Ling Cave[116]	54.5±8.5[116][117]	Homo sapiens	2009	Laos

Upper Paleolithic: 50,000–11,500 years old[edit]

Further information: Archaic humans, Anatomically modern humans, Archaic admixture, Recent human evolution, and EpipalaeolithicFurther information: European early modern humans § Assemblages and fossils

	Name	Age (ka)	Species	Date discovered	Country	Discovered by	Now located at
	Mungo Man	50±10	Homo sapiens	1974	Australia
	Mt. Circeo 1[118]	50±10	Homo neanderthalensis	1939	Italy	Prof. Blanc
	SID-00B	49.2±2.5[119]	Homo neanderthalensis	1994	Sidrón Cave, Spain
	Kents Cavern 4 maxilla	43.5±2.5	Homo sapiens	1927	UK
	Amud 1[120]	41[121]	Homo neanderthalensis	1961	Israel	Hisashi Suzuki
	Neanderthal 1[122]	40	Homo neanderthalensis	1856	Germany	Johann Carl Fuhlrott
	Denisova hominin (X-Woman)	40	Homo sp. Altai	2008	Russia	Johannes Krause, et al.
	hominin toe bone	40	Homo sp. Altai (possible Neanderthal-Denisovan hybrid)	2010	Russia
	Oase 1	42–37[123]	Homo sapiens (EEMH x Neanderthal hybrid)	2002	Romania
	Kostenki-14 (Markina Gora)	40–37[124]	Homo sapiens (EEMH)	1954	Russia
	SID-20[125]	37.30±0.83[119]	Homo neanderthalensis	1994	Sidrón Cave, Spain
	Balangoda man	37	Homo sapiens	2012	Sri Lanka
	Hofmeyr Skull	36	Homo sapiens	1952	South Africa
	Wadjak 1[126]	33±4.5[127]	Homo sapiens (proto-Australoid[128])	1888	Indonesia
	Red Lady of Paviland	33	Homo sapiens	1823	UK	William Buckland
	Yamashita-Cho Man	32	Homo sapiens	1962	Japan
	Engis 2	40±10[103][129]	Homo neanderthalensis	1829	Belgium	Philippe-Charles Schmerling
	Gibraltar 1	40±10[103]	Homo neanderthalensis	1848	Gibraltar	Captain Edmund Flint
	Le Moustier	40±10	Homo neanderthalensis	1909	France
	Denisovan tooth	40±10	Homo sp. Altai	2000	Russia
	Cro-Magnon 1	30	Homo sapiens (EEMH)	1868	France	Louis Lartet
	WLH-50	29±5	Homo sapiens	1982	Australia
	Predmost 3[130]	26	Homo sapiens	1894	Czech Republic	K.J. Maska
[131]	Lapedo Child	24.5	Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens	1998	Portugal	João Zilhão
[131]	Eel Point	24	Homo sapiens	1997	Wales, UK
	MA-1 (Mal’ta boy)	24	Homo sapiens (ANE)	1920s	Russia
[132]	Minatogawa 1	17±1	Homo sapiens	1970	Japan		Anthropology Museum, Tokyo University
	Tandou[133][134]	17	Homo sapiens	1967	Australia	Duncan Merrilees
	Gough’s Cave[135][136]	14.7	Homo sapiens	2010	UK
	Iwo Eleru skull	13[137]	Homo sapiens	1965	Nigeria
	“Kotias”[138]	13	Homo sapiens (CHG)		Kotias Klde cave, Georgia
	Arlington Springs Man	13[139]	Homo sapiens	1959	United States	Phil Orr
	Chancelade find	14.5±2.5[140]	Homo sapiens	1888	France
	Villabruna 1	14	Homo sapiens (WHG)	1988	Italy
	Bichon man	13.7	Homo sapiens (WHG)	1956	Switzerland
	Red Deer Cave	13±1.5	Uncertain, possibly Homo sapiens	1979	China	Darren Curnoe?
	PES-1[141]	31-29	Uncertain, possibly Homo sapiens		Serbia
	PES-2	38.9-92	Uncertain, possibly Homo neanderthalensis		Serbia

Holocene (11,500–5,000 years old)[edit]

Further information: Recent human evolution, Late Stone Age, Mesolithic, and Neolithic

	Name	Age (ka)	Culture / association	Year discovered	Country
	Luzia	11.5[142]	Paleo-Indian	1975	Brazil
[143]	Cerro Sota 2[144]	11		1936	Chile
	“Satsurblia“	10	Caucasian Epipaleolithic (CHG)[138]		Georgia
	Kow Swamp 1	13–9		1968	Australia
	Talgai Skull[145]	10±1		1886	Australia
	La Brea Woman	10	Paleo-Indian	1914	United States
	Combe Capelle	9.6 (7600 BC)[146]	European Mesolithic	1909	France
	Cheddar Man	9 (7000 BC)	British Mesolithic	1903	UK
	Kennewick Man	9 (7000 BC)	Archaic period (North America)	1996	United States
	Tepexpan man	8±3	Paleo-Indian	1947	Mexico
	Loschbour man[147]	8 (6000 BC)	European Mesolithic (WHG)	1935	Luxembourg
	Minnesota Woman	7.9±0.1	Paleo-Indian	1931	Minnesota, United States
	Lothagam 4b (Lo 4b)[148]	7.5±1.5[149]		1965–1975	Kenya
	Ötzi	5.3 (3300 BC)	European Neolithic	1991	Ötztal Alps, Italy

Abbreviations used in fossil catalog name[edit]

• AL – Afar Locality, Ethiopia
• ARA-VP – Aramis Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
• BAR – (Lukeino, Tugen Hills) Baringo District, Kenya
• BOU-VP – Bouri Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
• D – Dmanisi, Georgia
• ER – East (Lake) Rudolf, Kenya
• KGA – Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia
• KNM – Kenya National Museum
• KP – Kanapoi, Kenya
• LB – Liang Bua, Indonesia
• LH – Laetoli Hominid 4, Tanzania
• MH – Malapa Hominin, South Africa
• NG – Ngandong, Indonesia
• OH – Olduvai Hominid, Tanzania
• SK – Swartkrans, South Africa
• Sts, Stw – Sterkfontein, South Africa
• TM – Transvaal Museum, South Africa
• TM – Toros-Menalla, Chad
• WT – West (Lake) Turkana, Kenya

See also[edit]

• Timeline of human evolution
• Timeline of human prehistory
• List of archaeological sites by continent and age
• List of first human settlements
• List of fossil primates
• List of fossil sites
• List of mummies
• List of notable fossils
• List of transitional fossils

Further reading[edit]

• Gibbons, Ann. The First Human: The Race to Discover our Earliest Ancestor. Anchor Books (2007). ISBN 978-1-4000-7696-3
• Hartwig, Walter Carl (2004) [2002]. Hartwig, Walter (ed.). The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press. Bibcode:2002prfr.book…..H. ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2..
• Johanson, Donald & Wong, Kate. Lucy’s Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. Three Rivers Press (2009). ISBN 978-0-307-39640-2
• Jones, Steve; Martin, Robert D.; Pilbeam, David R, eds. (1994). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46786-5.(Note: this book contains very useful, information dense chapters on primate evolution in general, and human evolution in particular, including fossil history).
• Leakey, Richard & Lewin, Roger. Origins Reconsidered: In Search of What Makes us Human. Little, Brown and Company (1992). ISBN 0-316-90298-5
• Lewin, Roger. Bones of Contention: Controversies in the Search for Human Origins. Penguin Books (1987). ISBN 0-14-022638-9
• Morwood, Mike & van Oosterzee, Penny. A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the ‘Hobbits’ of Flores, Indonesia. Smithsonian Books (2007). ISBN 978-0-06-089908-0
• Oppenheimer, Stephen. Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World. Constable (2003). ISBN 1-84119-697-5
• Roberts, Alice. The Incredible Human Journey: The Story of how we Colonised the Planet. Bloomsbury (2009). ISBN 978-0-7475-9839-8
• Shreeve, James. The Neanderthal Enigma: Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins. Viking (1996). ISBN 0-670-86638-5
• Stringer, Chris. The Origin of Our Species. Allen Lane (2011). ISBN 978-1-84614-140-9
• Stringer, Chris & Andrews, Peter. The Complete World of Human Evolution. Thames & Hudson (2005). ISBN 0-500-05132-1
• Stringer, Chris & McKie, Robin. African Exodus: The Origins of Modern Humanity. Jonathan Cape (1996). ISBN 0-224-03771-4
• van Oosterzee, Penny. The Story of Peking Man. Allen & Unwin (1999). ISBN 1-86508-632-0
• Walker, Allan & Shipman, Pat. The Wisdom of the Bones: In Search of Human Origins. Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1996). ISBN 0-297-81670-5
• Wade, Nicholas. Before the Dawn: Recovering the Lost History of our Ancestors. Penguin Press (2006). ISBN 978-0-7156-3658-9
• Weiss, M.L.; Mann, A.E. (1985). ‘Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective (4th ed.). Boston: Little Brown. ISBN 978-0-673-39013-4. (Note: this book contains very accessible descriptions of human and non-human primates, their evolution, and fossil history).
• Wells, Spencer (2004). The Journey of Man : A Genetic Odyssey. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8129-7146-0.

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127. ^ Wadjak 1 and Wadjak 2 are fossil human skulls discovered near Wajak, a town in Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesiain 1888/90. Dubbed “Wajak Man”, and formerly classified as a separate species (Homo wadjakensis), the skulls are now recognized as early anatomically modern human. They were dated to the Holocene, 12 to 5 ka, in the 1990s, but this has been revised in a 2013 study which claimed a far earlier date, “a minimum age of between 37.4 and 28.5 ka”. Storm, Paul; Wood, Rachel; Stringer, Chris; Bartsiokas, Antonis; de Vos, John; Aubert, Maxime; Kinsley, Les; Grün, Rainer (2013). “U-series and radiocarbon analyses of human and faunal remains from Wajak, Indonesia”. Journal of Human Evolution. 64 (5): 356–365. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.11.002. PMID 23465338. J. Krigbaum in: Habu et al. (eds), Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology (2017), p. 314.
128. ^ Peter Bellwood, Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago: Revised Edition (2007), 86ff.
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Bibliography[edit]

• Tattersall, Ian; Schwartz, Jeffery (2000). Extinct Humans. Boulder CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-3482-0.
• Larsen, Clark Spencer; Matter, Robert M; Gebo, Daniel L (1991). Human Origins: the fossil record. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL. ISBN 978-0-88133-575-0.
• “Smithsonian Human Origins Program”. Retrieved 2006-08-29.
• “Prominent Hominid Fossils”. Retrieved 2006-08-31.
• Grine, F.E.; Jungers, W.L.; Schultz, J. (1996). “Phenetic Affinities Among Early Homo Crania from East and South Africa”. Journal of Human Evolution. 30 (3): 189–225. doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0019.

External links[edit]

• Interactive map of primate fossil finds around the world
• Informative lecture on Australopithecines
• The Age of Homo sapiens – Interactive Map of Human Evolution Fossils
• Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).

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