-an extended periodic table theorizes about ‘chemical elements’ beyond those currently known and proven up through ‘oganesson’, which completes the ‘7th period (row)’ in the ‘periodic table’ at ‘atomic number (Z) 118′-
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(if further ‘elements’ with higher ‘atomic numbers’ than this are discovered, they will be placed in additional ‘periods’, laid out (as with the existing periods) to illustrate periodically recurring trends in the properties of the ‘elements’ concerned)
(any additional ‘periods’ are expected to contain a larger number of elements than the ‘7th period’, as they are calculated to have an additional so-called g-block, containing at least 18 elements with partially filled ‘g-orbitals’ in each ‘period’)
(an 8-period table containing this block was suggested by ‘glenn t. seaborg’ in ‘1969’)
(the ‘International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry’ (IUPAC) defines an element to ‘exist’ if its ‘lifetime’ is longer than ’10−14 seconds’, which is the time it takes for the ‘nucleus’ to form an ‘electron cloud’)
(no elements in this region have been ‘synthesized’ or discovered in ‘nature’)
(the first element of the ‘g-block’ may have ‘atomic number 121’, and thus would have the systematic name ‘unbiunium’)
(elements in this region are likely to be highly ‘unstable’ with respect to ‘radioactive decay’, and have extremely short ‘half lives’, although ‘element 126’ is hypothesized to be within an island of ‘stability’ that is resistant to ‘fission’ but not to ‘alpha decay’)
(it is not clear how many ‘elements’ beyond the expected ‘island of stability’ are ‘physically possible’, whether ‘period 8’ is complete, or if there is a ‘period 9’)
(according to the ‘orbital approximation’ in ‘quantum mechanical descriptions’ of ‘atomic structure’, the ‘g-block’ would correspond to elements with partially filled ‘g-orbitals’, but ‘spin-orbit coupling effects’ reduce the validity of the ‘orbital approximation’ substantially for elements of high ‘atomic number’)
(while seaborg’s version of the ‘extended period’ had the ‘heavier elements’ following the pattern set by ‘lighter elements’)
(as it did not take into account ‘relativistic effects’)
(models that take ‘relativistic effects’ into account do not have ‘heavier elements’ following pattern set by ‘lighter elements’)
(‘pekka pyykkö’ and ‘burkhard fricke’ used ‘computer modeling’ to calculate the positions of elements up to ‘Z = 172′, and found that several were displaced from the ‘madelung rule’)
(as early as ‘1940’, it was noted that a simplistic interpretation of the relativistic ‘dirac equation’ runs into problems with electron orbitals at Z > 1/α ≈ 137, suggesting that ‘neutral atoms’ cannot exist beyond ‘element 137’, and that a ‘periodic table of elements’ based on ‘electron orbitals’ therefore breaks down at this point)
(on the other hand, a more rigorous analysis calculates the analogous limit to be Z ≈ 173 where the 1s subshell dives into the ‘dirac sea’, and that it is instead not ‘neutral atoms’ that cannot exist beyond ‘element 173’, but ‘bare nuclei’, thus posing no obstacle to the further extension of the ‘periodic system’)
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(‘atoms’ beyond this ‘critical atomic number’ are called supercritical atoms)
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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